[Agulnick94]
(*)
Agulnick, Todd; Carr, Robert; Hoeber, Tony; Kaplan, S. Jerrold; Low, David R. and Ouye, Michael
"Control of a computer through a position-sensed stylus",
United States Patent 5,347,295 assigned to GO Corp, Foster city, California, September 13, 1994
- Describes using a pen stylus for entering commands via character recognition / gestures into a computer, recognizing and executing command after out-of-proximity/end-of-stroke/time-out. Compare with Ledeen, which did not have gestures made on the display. Specific reference to first, second and third gestures in a sequence for a compound gesture (multiple flicks, multiple taps, etc.). Specific reference to direction of motion of the gesture.
[AllenD92]
.
Allen, Dennis
"Pen-Input Systems",
BYTE Magazine, April 1992, P. 10
- Part of a series on pen-input systems and PDAs
[AllenG93]
(*)
Allen, Gregory
"Data Input Grid for Computer",
United States Patent 5,214,428, May 25, 1993
- mechanical grooves restrict the motion of a digitizer stylus to octant chain-code directions: shows a set of single-stroke characters for recognition
[Amstra93]
(*)
Amstrad93
"Amstrad PenPd PDA 600",
Reference available at www.old-computers.com/museum/doc.aps?c=876
- Z-80 handheld pen-computer, 1993, styled as fold-out notebook. Contains quotes from project majager Cliff Lawson, Mark Stevenson, Wulf Broening: software by German company Wiedmann
[Apiki93]
.
Apiki, Steve
"A Unified Ink Standard",
BYTE Magazine, September 1993, p. 26
[Apte93]
()
Apte, A. and Kimura, T.D.
"A Comparison Sutidy of the Pen and the Mouse in Editing Graphic Diagrams",
Proc IEEE 1993 Symposium on Visual Languages, 1993, Bergen, Norway, pp 352-357
- Citrin96 sites for single-stroke graphical editing gestures
[Avitzur92]
.
Avitzur, R.
"Your own handprinting recognition engine",
Dr. Dobb's Journal, 1992, pp 32-37
[Baecker91]
.
Baecker, Ronald M.
"Scriptel inks pact with Apple: Pen-based computer only a year away?",
The Daily Reporter, Tuesday, November 26 1991
- Scriptel electrostatic digitizer with Apple pen computer
[BallBR91]
(*)
Ball, Brian R.
"Readings in human-computer interaction: toward the year 2000",
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1995, ISBN 155860-246-1
- Chapter "Touch, Gesture, and Marking": device independence and virtual devices, equivalence of various locator devices, mouse/joystick, button/blow-suck tube, etc.
- partial copy in files only
[Bederson95]
(*)
Bederson, Benjamin B. and Hollan, James D.
"Advances in the Pad++ Zommable Graphics Widget",
Third Annual Tcl/Tk Workshop, July 1995, www.usenix.org
- Multiple graphical representations of data, constraint-based graphical editing
[BennettWE91]
(*)
Bennett, William E., Boies, Stephen J., Davies, Anthony R., Etzold, Karl-Friedrich, Rodgers, Todd K.
"Optical Stylus and Passive Digitzing Tablet Data Input System",
United States Patent 5,051,736, September 24, 1991
- Optical stylus digitizer utilizing extremely small patterns within a cell, some similarity to Anoto
[Blickenstorfer95]
(*)
Blickenstofer, Conrad H.
"Editorial Vertical market hardware manufacturers growing stronger, but they'r enow facing a challenge from consumer electronics giants and their marketing savvy",
Pen Computing Magazine, Issue No. 6, August/September 1995
- Mentions Scriptel WriteTouch front-mount digitizer for Windows95 and Windows for Pen computing: cites Windows 95 as having better pen-computing support than Windows for Pen Computing 1.0, although tablet drivers are not included. Norand PEN*KEY6100 vertical market pen tablet device.
[Bloombert92]
(*)
Bloomberg, Dan S. and Tow, Robert F.
"Adaptive Scaling for Decoding Spatially Periodic Self-clocking Glyph Shape Codes",
United States Patent 5,091,966, February 25, 1992
- DataGlyphs: see other references
[Borucki94]
(*)
Borucki, Gregory
"Surface acoustic wave touchscreen sealing system",
United States Patent 5,332,238, July 26, 1994
- Sealing for SAW touchscreen tablet: see citations for actual surface acoustice wave touchscreen technologies
- Elographics IntelliTouch Systems Manual, 1988
[Bricklin93]
.
Bricklin, Dan
"JOT defines electronic ink",
BYTE Magazine, Vol. 18 No 11., October 1993, page 110
- (abstract only) Short description of JOT standard for electronic ink data for GO/PenPoint and Microsoft Windows for Pen Computing.
[BurnsJ95]
(*)
Burns, John and Lloyd, Sheelagh A.
"Position-sensing Apparatus",
United States Patent 5,442,147, August 15, 1995
- Opticial digitizer tablet: Note similarity to Anoto: printed surface of pattern cells, making use of sub-patterns. Refers also to a "single-pixel" sensor stylus.
[Bursky92]
(*)
Bursky, Dave
"Chip Set Simplifies the Design of Pen-Based PCs",
Electronic Design, November 2, 1992
- PICK (Pen Interface Controller Kit) digitizer interface chip set from TriTech Electronics, to support Scriptel electrostatic digitizer in pen-computing. Refers to changes in pen-position frequency (from 100KHz?) to deal with environmental noise from backlight, etc.
[Buxton91?]
(*)
Buxton, Bill
"Chapter 7: Touch, Gesture and Marking",
http://www.dgp.utoronto.ca/OTP/papers/bill.buxton/haptic.html
[Buxton94x]
.
Buxton, W.
"Combined keyboard / touch tablet input device",
Xerox Disclosure Journal, 19(2), 109-111.
- See also http://www.billbuxton.com
[Buxton94y]
.
Buxton, W.
"Two-handed Document Navigation",
Xerox Disclosure Journal, 19(2), 103-108.
- See also http://www.billbuxton.com
[CappsS95]
(*)
Capps, Stephen, and Beernink, Ernest H.
"Method and apparatus for formatting paragraphs",
United States Patent 5,479,596, December 26, 1995, Assigned to Apple Computer Inc
- Automatic re-flow / formatting of paragraphs from handwritten (or "pointing" input): compare to van Raamsdonk.
- Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Rammsdonck, Pencept, and CIC would have been in order
[CarrR91]
(*)
Carr, Robert and Shafer, Dan
"The Power of Penpoint",
Addison Wesley, 1991, ISBN: 0-2015-7763-1
- Technical background and information and rationale for design of PenPoint operating system by GO corporation for pen computing, incorporating gestures and handwriting recognition, integrated digitizer tablet and display. Includes sections on applications that do not rely on handwriting recognition. Option sheets, writing pads in UI.
[ChattyS95]
(*)
Chatty, Stephane; Lecoanet, Patrick; and Mertz, Christophe
"Toward pen-based interaction with ATC tools",
Air Traffic Control Quarterly, Vol 3 No 4, 1995, pp 205-228
- GRIGRI (French slang for "scribble") system using pen-computing gesture recognition in user interface for air traffice control ATC. Modeled on flight strips for air traffic control. See also "Digistrips". Numeric entries for flight numbers via menus. Cites PenPoint. Lists fifteen single-stroke gestures, some of which are alphabetic. Mentions that pen-based computing is bad for large ATC display screens (arm fatigue). Refers to gesture input as "mark-based input".
[Chefalas92]
(*)
Chefalas, Thomas E.; Fujisake, Tetsunosuke; Kim, Joonki; and Tappert, Charles C.
"Robust Prototype Establishment in an On-line Handwriting Recognition System",
United States Patent 5,121,441, June 9, 1992
- Averaging out the training sets in a trainable recognizer to get a better prototype for elastic matching
[CIC92]
(*)
CIC Communications Intelligence Corporation
"CIC Press Release: CIC PenDOS Handwriter Recogniton Systems licensed exclusively to IBM",
Software Industry Report: October 19, 1992
[CloughWA95]
(*)
Clough, William A.; Ouelette, Daneil; De La Sablonniere, Serge
"Portable Computer with Touch Screen and Computer System Employing Same",
United States Patent 5,379,057, January 3, 1995
- Portable slate pen-computer using touch screen (not proximity digitizer): Microslate, Inc. of Canada. Generic claim appears to be having an automatic application generator. Refers to drop-down pick list as a "library" of answers for touch-screen selection. Later rights owned by Typhoon Touch Technologies.
[CohenO93]
(*)
Cohen, Oryx; Meyer, Shawna; and Nilsen, Erik
"Studying the Movement of High Tech. Rodentia: Pointing and Dragging",
InterCHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Amsterdam, 1993, pp 135-136.
- Comparison of MousePen, Microtouch UnMouse, Touch Pad, Mouse, trackballs, joystick: UnMouse lower accuracy than touchpad for human use (dragging, pointing): not clear that UnMouse was used in absolute or relative mode; refers to poor placement of barrel buttons on PenMouse stylus
[Comerford93]
(*)
Comberford, Liam D., Ellozy, Hamed A., Jelenek, Frederick, Levy, Stephen E., and Nahamoo, David
"Method and Apparatus for Improving the Paper Interface to Computing Systems",
United States Patent 5,243,149, September 7, 1993
- Electronic clipboard tablet computer with audio recording, optical scanner, digitizing tablet
[Computerwoche93]
(*)
Computerwoche
"Pen-computing-Anbieter setzen nciht alle tecnischen Trends um",
Computerwoche Volum 22, 1993: available at http://www.computerwoche.de/heftarchive
- Comparison of pen-enabled products Windows for Pen-Computing by Microsoft and Pen-DOS from CIC with more radical approach of PenPoint by GO Corporation, with operating system designed from the ground up, but none have met market estimates for success. Mentions that Windows for Pen Computing allows the definition of gestures. CIC Handwriting recognition licensed by IBM as best performing. Also Pen-Right from Grid computing.
[Cornett91]
(*)
Cornett, Johnny A. and Corbett, James D.
"Touchscreen Control Panel with Sliding Touch Control",
United States Patent 5,053,758, October 1, 1991
- Touchscreen GUI technique, where user slides finger to target, and releases on target: intended to get past inaccuracies/mis-registration of touchscreen film digitizer with display. Compare to Litvin techniques, which are not cited as prior art.
- Contains reference to Minsky gesture article, 1984
[CraneHD93]
(*)
Crane, Hewitt D. and Rtischev, Dimitry
"Pen and voice unite: Adding Pen and Voice Input to Today's User Interfaces Opens the Door for More Natural Communication with Your Computer",
BYTE Magazine, Vol 18 No 11, October 1993, pp. 98-102
- (abstract only) compare with Anoto-technology products incorporating voice recording for electronic ink notes? "The strengths of pen and voice technologies complement each other to create a powerful, natural user interface." "Speech to text systems must deal with a wide range of homophones words that sound the same but have different meanings."
[Cripps95]
(*)
Cripps, Marcus
"Introduction to PenWindows",
Available at http://tawny.cs.nott.ac.uk/AMI/apprentice/INTERNAL/tech08.htm
-
Architectural overview of the PenWindows / Windows for Pen Computing system from Microsoft: hedit and bedit controls, Pen Extensions, normal and inking mode, RC handwriting recognition manager, PenWin.dll
[DaoJ91]
(*)
Dao, James; Foyt, David C.; and Allen, Kenneth R.
"Keyless Flat Panel Portable Computer - Computer Aided Notebook",
United States Patent 5,049.862, September 17, 1991
- Notebook style (fold-out) pen computer, similar in appearance to Reefalo. Corded stylus. Two flat panel displays in the two sides of the notebook, provision for ring binder at the hinge to hold paper. Rotatable orientation to accomodate landscape format, or for left-handed writers.
[Dauphin92]
(*)
Dauphin
"Dauphin 5000 Pen-Based Notebook",
Press release, Dauphin Computer, Lombard Illinois
- Pen-computer slate format using Scriptel electrostatic digitizer
[DeTar94]
(*)
DeTar, Jim
"NCR, Scriptel push cordless digitizer - NCR Microelectronic Products and Scriptel Holding Inc. develop WriteTouch cordless electrostatic digitizer",
Electronic News, Nov 14, 1994, Available on http://findarticles.com
- Electrostatic / capacitive digitizer from Scriptel, can sense finger input as well as stylus
[DigitizerTechnology91]
(*)
Digitizer Technology Company
"User's Guide to the Virtual Tablet Editor",
Digitizer Technology Company, Redmond WA, 1991
- Graphical editor for defining macros, regions, virtual/simulated devices on digitizing tablet: compare with Kaplow? Related to WinTAB specification?
[DysonE91]
(*)
Dyson, Esther
"GO Corporation: our friend the pen - promoting pen-based input system",
RELease 1.0: Jan 22, 1991
- PenWares: comparison of GO Corporation developer's conference to introduce PenPoint operating system (Bill Campbell), and Microsoft similar conference for Pen Windows
[Ellozy91]
(*)
Ellozy, Hamed A; Jeanty, Jenry H; and Tappert, Charles C.
"Handwriting recognition employing pairwise discriminant features",
United States Patent 5,005,205, April 2 1991
- Pairwise analysis of characters against prototypes, then voting, then highest score of the winning pair: appears similar to the Pencept technology (not patented)
[EloTouch95]
(*)
Elo TouchSystems, Inc.
"DOS and Windows Driver Guide, version 2.0",
Elo TouchSystems, Inc. 105 Randolph Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830. Copyright 1987..1995
- Contains description of touchscreen implementation of mouse menus for DOS application which are not "mouse-aware". See also Microsoft documentation on MENU.COM and mouse menus.
[Endo91]
(*)
Endo, Yasuo; Akimichi, Shinji; Hirose, Tadayoshi; Furukawa, Motonori; Yoshida, Kyoko
"Context-Base Input/Output System",
United States Patent 5,012,521, April 30, 1991
- Gesture recognition user interface: refers to recognition of patterns (sketch recognition?) of elements of on-line drawing (curves, arcs, lines), but emphasis is on gestures: X for erase, clash for cut (of two segments), closed wrap (circle or lasso) to cause recognition of handwriting, wrap/lasso plus arrow for magnify, copy, reduce. No modal input, gestures can be input at any time, compare with Tablet PC gestures. Integrated tablet digitizer and display.
[Essex95]
(*)
Essex, David
"Rewriting Handwriting Recognition",
Byte Magazine, June 1995
- Refers to reduced expectations on handwriting recognition accuracy, not to read human-illegible handwriting. Reference to Doonesbury commentary, use of point-and-tap selections and digital ink. Shows modified Graffiti character set (neography), Lexicus Cursive Recognition
[FaughnanJ95]
(*)
Faughnan, John
"bar coding journal articles - DataGlyphs",
Posting to ftp.org/mailmain discussion list, December 29, 1995
- Proposal to use a DataGlyph (two-dimenstional barcode) to having indexable/scannable information at the start of published articles. Compare to Silverbrook patent 2004. Note: there was a similar technology already in place in the 1980's?
[Fenwick95]
(*)
Fenwick, Daniel J.
"Generation of Interdependent Font Characters Based on Ligature and Glyph Categoriations",
United States Patent 5,412,771, May 2, 1995, assigned to Signature Software Inc., Hood River, Oregon
- Creating of a "handwriting-looking" font from samples of someone's handwriting: refers in claims to automatic classification/categorization based on slope and other characteristics of the characters
[Forcier93]
(*)
Forcier, Mitchell D.
"Script/Binary-encodedcharacter Processing Method and System with Moving Space Insertion Mode",
United States Patent 5,220,649, June 15, 1993
- Editing of handwriting/electronic ink without recognition of characters, use of editing gestures distinguished from handwritten character/glyphs based on context
- Editing of electronic ink: word-wrap, inserting spaces, editing of handwritten lines of text
- van Raamsdonk may be related prior art: not cited
- Press reports from 1999 of Forcier accusing Microsoft of infringement: see personal correspondence with Forcier
[Forcier93a]
(*)
Forcier, Mitchell D.
"Script/Binary-encodedcharacter Processing Method and System
United States Patent 5,231,698, July 27, 1993
-
Editing GUI of handwriting/electronic ink without recognition of characters, use of editing gestures distinguished from handwritten character/glyphs based on context
- Editing of electronic ink: word-wrap, inserting spaces, editing of handwritten lines of text
- Distinguishes handwritten electronic ink from other non-handwriting input during editing
- van Raamsdonk may be related prior art: not cited
- Press reports from 1999 of Forcier accusing Microsoft of infringement
[Fox92]
(*)
Fox, Abijah Shawhan; Greanias, Evon Constantine; Kim, Joonki; and Tappert, Charles Carson
"A system for automatic adjustment and editing of handwritten text images",
European Patent Publication Number 0176715B1, Proprietor International Business Machines, Armonk, NY.
- Stroke segmentation and alignment to a base writing line
[Frankish95]
(*)
Frankish, Clive; Hull, Richard; Morgan, Pam
"Recognition Accuracy and User Acceptance of Pen Interfaces",
CHI '95 Proceedings, available at http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/Electronic/documnts/papers/crf_bdy.htm
- Short study of Windows for Pen Computing accuracy, compares to Neisser60
[FriedlandM91]
(*)
Friedland, Mary
"They Made It Happen (Momenta)",
Pentop Managzine, Nov. 1 1991
- Kamran Elahian, founder of Momenta pen-computing company: Portia Isaacson compares MADE (Momenta Application Development Environment) with PenPoint and Pen-Windows.
[GoldbergD91]
(*)
Goldberg, D. and Goodman, A.
"Stylus User Interfaces for Manipulating Text",
Proceedings of the Fourth ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on User Interface Technology (UIST'91), 127 - 135
- Cited by Bill Buxton
- Shows "undo" graphically, using electronic ink: Scriptel electrostatic digitizer
- Shows markup editing as a good application for handwriting recognition and input: cites Suenaga and Nagura
- van Raamsdonk may be related prior art: not cited
[GoldbergD93]
(*)
Goldberg, D. and Richardson, C.
"Touch-typing with a stylus",
INTERCHI '93 Conference Proceedings, Amsterdam, April 1993, pp 80-87
- See also SIGGRAPH Video Review 88, New York: ACM., 1993.
- Unistroke handwriting character recognition
[Goodisman91]
(*)
Goodisman, Aaron
"A Stylus-Based User Interface for Text: Entry and Editing",
S.M. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of EE and CS, May 1991.
- General study and overview of stylus-based user interface for text input and text editing, including the use of gestures. Makes comparisons to PenPoint, but is not specifically about PenPoint. Mentions differences between Stylus and Mouse GUI user interfaces, such as activate-button-on-touch versus activate-button-on-lift, scroll-up flick versus pull-scroll-bar-down. Supervisor was David Goldberg of Xerox PARC, who later patented similar work on mark-up editing using gestures, boxes, with handwriting recognition (Unistroke)
[Gookin92]
(*)
Gookin, Dan
"Oh, to Find a Better Mouse",
Also Available at www.wambooli.com/fun/dang/mouse
- Unpublished manuscript for PC Computing Usability Labs on mouse, trackball, and similar devices: includes low-cost tablets and touchpads such as AceCat, UnMouse, PortaPoint. Also MousePen (note on writing with a mousepen). Unmouse: default (only?) behavior is non-absolute relative motion, mentions problem of double-click with a touch pad.
[Gore93]
(*)
Gore, Andrew and Ratcliffe, Mitch
"Newton's Law: A Digital Nomad's Guide",
Random House Press, 1993, ISBN 0-679-74647-1
- Handwriting recognition on page 157 ff. Mentions JOT electronic ink standard with Slate, but not supported on Newton. Handwriting recognition "not well explained" by Apple. Appears to show a scrub-out gesture for erasing text: text is selected (alternatively) before the scrubbing gesture, or y the scrub gesture itself. Gestures: caret. Due to problems with recognizer, recommends deferred recognition and searchable electronic ink.
[Greanias91]
(*)
Greanias, Evon C. and Donaldson, Robert L.
"Remotely Sensed Personal Stylus",
United States Patent 5,007,085, April 9, 1991
- Transparent digitizer overlaid on a display (CRT example, not flat LCD: see other Greanias). Appears to be a patent on using the same stylus on any of several workstations, and logging on with the stylus by identifying the particular stylus. Compare with SecureID token from RSA.
[Greanias92a]
(*)
Greanias, Evon C.; Stein, Frank L; Donaldson, Robert L.; and Gray, Michael
"Remotely Sensed Personal Stylus",
United States Patent 5,117,071, May 226 1992
- Capactive Finger touch touchpad, and electromagnetic digitizer in one device. Described touch mechanism (tip switch?) as solving a problem of not knowing when stylus is in contact with surface
[Greanias92b]
(*)
Greanias, Evon C.; Stein, Frank L; Donaldson, Robert L.; and Gray, Michael
"Stylus Sensing System",
United States Patent 5,149,919, September 22, 1992
- Electrostatic (capacitive?) digitizer using a single globe pickup receiver in the stylus, to avoid tilt errors. Special contact sensing mode: appears not to use a physical switch in the stylus, uses height / proximity distance instead. Alternating grid of grounded and signal wires.
[Greanias92c]
(*)
Greanias, Evon C.; Verrier, Guy F.; Arbeitman, Gordon W.; Tannenbaum, Alan R; and An, Yu L
"Advanced User Interface",
United States Patent 5,157,384, October 20, 1992
- Gesture/voice/speech input with multiple user profiles for different commands to differnet programs. Circle gesture mentioned. Translation of gestures to simulated input for other, pre-exiting devices, such as keyboard and/or mouse, to maintain compatibility with pre-existing applications. Compare to Pencept CAD and other interfaces from 1985, which translated "recognition macro" gestures to defined sequences of keyboard/mouse input. If no meaning yet associated with gesture, pop up a menu for user to define the meaning on the fly.
[Greanias95]
(*)
Greanias, Evon C.; Verrier, Guy F.; Donaldson, Robert L.
"Touch Overlay for Improved Touch Sensitivity",
United States Patent 5,386,219, Jaunary 31, 1995
[GreenbergS94]
(*)
Greenberg, Saul
"HCI Video Resources",
Available at http://www.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/~saul/hci_topics/hci_resources/videos.html
-
Extensive list of video tapes from ACM CHI, CSCW, and ACM SIGGRAPH Vieo Review relating to handwriting recognition, sketch input, signature verification, and pen-computing: 1983 to 1994.
- 1963 Videotape of Sketchpad system by Sutherland
- 1985 Software Control at the Stroke of a Pen - Pencept - CHI '85
- 1989 The Paper-Like Interface, IBM Watson Research Center - CHI '89
- 1989 Freestyle - Wang Labs - CHI '89
- 1992 Combining Gesture and Direct Manipulation - CMU
[Griepentrog93]
(*)
Griepentrog, Scott
"David vs. Goliath",
Wiki posting at: twiki.stg.net
- Microsoft Notebook Application for Pen Windows version 1.00a: described Notebook electronic ink (?) as most promissing application for Pen Computing -- compare with Slate Pen Scheduler note-taking application?
[Hardock93]
(*)
Hardock, Gary; Kurtenback, Gordon; and Buxton, William
"A Marking Based Interface for Collaborative Writing",
Proceedings of the UIST'93, pp 259-266. See also http://www.dgp.utoronto.ca/OTP/papers/bill.buxton/mate.html
- Cites Wang Freestyle: references from 1989
-
[Hawkins92]
(*)
Hawkins, Jeffrey C.
"Object Recognition System",
United States Patent 5,125,039, June 23, 1992
- Citable in Unistroke patent cases
- Recognition by dictionary look-up independent of any character set
- Recognition dictionary: one entry per object, entries involve Boolean operations only to find match: uses inflection points / chain-codes
[Hawkins92a]
(*)
Hawkins, Jeffrey C., Daly, John J., McNamara, James H. and Cole, James F.
"Hand Held Computer",
United States Patent 5,133,076, June 23, 1992
- Hand-held slate computer with handwriting, convertable to a desk-top computer: shows rotation of display
[HoYL95]
(*)
Ho, Yung-Lung, and Li, Hwok-Leung
"Track Pad Cursor Positioning Device and Method",
United States Patent 5,424,756, June 13, 1995
- Touchpad controller for very small touchpad: uses (optical) sensing of velocity to position cursor faster if touch is moving fast.
[Hu95]
(*)
Hu, Jianying, Brown, Michael K., and Turin, William
"Invariant Features for HMM Based On-Line Handwriting Recognition",
in "Image Analysis and Processing", Braccini, C., DeFloriani, L. and Vernazza, G. (Ed.), Springer Verlag, 1995, pp. 588-593, Lecture Notes in Computer Science #974.
-
Invariant handwriting features (independent of rotation, translation, scale) are ratio of tangents and normalized curvature, for Hidden Markov Model recognizer
[Hullender92]
(*)
Hullender, Gregory N.
"Method for Recognizing Handwritten Characters Using Shape and Context Analysis",
United States Patent 5,151,950, September 29, 1992
- Deterministic Finite Automata (state machine) for using a dictionary of words in handwriting character recognition on the fly, using probabilities of characters: compare with Viterbi algorithm, which is not cited as prior art
[IBM94]
(partial)
IBM
""Redbook" IBM Pen for OS/2 and PenDOS",
IBM Form Number GG24-4217-00
- Architecture of IBM Pen for OS/@ V1.0 and PenDOS from IBM, version 2.2: Lists gesture assignments by Session Type, Gesture Commands and Sessions
[Impedovo94]
(partial)
Impedovo, Sebastiano, editor
"Fundamentals in handwriting recognition",
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Fundamentals in Handwriting Recognition, Chateau de Bonas, France, June 21-July3, 1993
[Inforite94]
(partial)
Inforite
"MP100 Writing Pad, Rite-Expressions annotation software for handwriting",
BYTE Magazine product announcement, May 1994
- Appears to have no relation to Inforite82 product, separate company? Several companies have used the name "Inforite"?
[Intel95a]
(*)
Intel
"Intel386 EX Embedded Miroprocessor MHT9000 Handheld Terminal",
Intel Application Note AP-719, August 1, 1995
- Intel386 embedded processor, includes registers and MTL6560 digitizer controller for resistive touchscreen (digital voltage measurement), controller/co-processor for LCD
[Isaacson93]
(*)
Isaacson, Portia
"Electronic ink emerges as a launchpad of the future -- While few products exist, Jot 1.0 standard is a step",
Computer Resellers News, Jun 28, 1993
- Review of JOT 1.0 electronic-ink / E-ink format standard for handwriting data. Mentions particularly the tutorial nature of the specification, and open-ended format. Credits Slate as author of the standard: original draft was by Jean Renard Ward, later revised, credit to Dan Bricklin of Slate.
[Isaacson94]
(*)
Isaacson, Portia
"The Power of 'ENK'",
OEM Magagzine, Feburary 1994, Page 93
- States large hardware business for specialize electronic chips for PDAs with electronic ink, handwritnig recognition coprocessor. Mentions immaturity (performance defects) of digitizer tablets.
[JohnsonWA91]
(*)
Johnson, Walter A.L.; Faieta, Baldo A.; and Smith, Z. Erol III
"Form Utilizing Encoded Indications for Form Field Processing",
United States Patent 5,060,980, October 29, 1991
- Printing machine-readable descriptions, data, and instructions on a paper form, to be used in conjunction with OCR to read the pattern on the special section of the form. Numerous citations to other inventions involving printing data on paper: compare to DataGlyphs, which encoded the whole surface, and to Anoto.
[Jourjine91]
()
Jourjine, Alexander
"Neural network using random binary code",
United States Patent 4,996,648
[Jourjine93]
()
Jourjine, Alexander
"Method and apparatus for parallel implementation of neural networks",
United States Patent 5,224,066
- Alex Jourjine had a very interesting user-independent cursive handwriting recognizer, without use of a vocabulary dictionary
[Kable92]
(*)
Kable, Robert G.
"Electrostatic Digitizers Performance with Color LCD Displays",
Scriptel Corporation, 1992
- Scriptel electrostatic digitizer, resistive film. Mentions high immunity to backlight and display noise. Front-mounted touchscreen. Describes ratiometric sensing of voltage field.
[Kaplan94]
(*)
Kaplan, Jerry
"Startup: A Silicon Valley Adventure",
Penguin Books, ISBN 0-395-71133-9, ISBN 0 14 02.5731.4, 1994
- History of GO Corporation and PenPoint, experience with IBM and Microsoft, from point of view of CEO of GO
- Compare to account by Martin Eller
-
[Kay93]
(*)
Kay, Alen
"The Early History of Smalltalk",
ACM SIGPLAN, Vol 28 No 3, march 1993. Appearing in "History of Programming Languages", ACM Press 1996
- History of object-based programming, back to Burroughs B200
- Mentions GRAIL and Sketchpad systems, 1960's
- Describes early thought to include handwriting recognition input on Dynabook, not thought to work well
[Kempf93]
(*)
Kempf, James
"Integrating Handwriting Recognition into Unix",
1993 USENIX Summer Technical Conference, Cincinnati Ohio, June 21-25 1993
- Block recogizer versus cursive recognizer:
- HRE API for Linux, for incorporating handwriting character recognition into X-Windows
[Kempf94a]
(*)
Kempf, James
"HRE API: A Portable Handwriting Recognition Engine Interface",
Available at http://playground.sun.com/pub/multimedia/handwriting/hre.html
-
Proposed API for handwriting recognition systems, using pen strokes optimized for point vectors in the X window system, but otherwise independent of OS or windowing system
- Incremental translation/recognition
- support for context as for Japanese and Cursive English
- API for character prototype files and dictionaries
- Data structures for gestures and arbitrary objects
- Data structures correlations between recognized objects and pen strokes
[Kempf94b]
(*)
Kempf, James
"Preliminary Handwriting Recognition Engine Application Program Interface for Solaris 2",
Available at http://playground.sun.com/pub/multimedia/handwriting/hre.html
[Kent93]
(*)
Kent, Joel C.
"Contact touchscreen with an improved insulated spacer arrangement",
United States Patent 5,220,136, June 15, 1993
- Resistive sheet digitizer with spacing dots, electrographic tablet
[Kim94]
(*)
Kim, Joonki; Teibman, George J.; and Tappert, Charles C.
"Method and Apparatus for Improving Prototypes of Similar Characters in On-line Handwriting Recognition",
United States Patent 5,285,505, February 8, 1994.
- Averaging out the prototypes in adaptive handwriting recognition system
[Kurtenbach91]
(*)
Kurtenbach, G. and Buxton, W.
"GEdit: A test bed for editing by contiguous gestures",
ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, Vol 23, 1991, pp 23-26.
- Cited in Lipscomb91, Rubin91b: sub-gestures within a stroke
- Simple gestures to create a small object (square, circle, etc.) using a single-direction flick stroke in one direction: gestures for delete (slash) and select (loop around) with drag mark on the rest of the selection to move
[Kurtenbach91a]
(*)
Kurtenbach, G. and Buxton, W.
"Issues in Combining Marking and Direct Manipulation Techniques",
Proc. 4th ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on User Interface Technology (UIST), pp 137-144.
- Simple gestures to create a small object (square, circle, etc.) using a single-direction flick stroke in one direction: gestures for delete (slash) and select (loop around) with drag mark on the rest of the selection to move
[Kurtenbach94]
(*)
Kurtenbach, G.; Moran, T.P.; and Buxton, W.
"Contextual Animation of Gestural Commands",
Computer Graphics Forum, Volume 13 (1994), Number 5 pp 305-314.
- Use of pop-up radial menus to train users to "gestures" which match the motion used to select from a radial menu
- also display of images of gestures in menus, and pop-up text giving name/meaning of gesture recognized
[Landmeier95]
(*)
Landmeier, Waldo L.
"See-through Digitizer with Clear conductive Grid",
United States Patent 5,381,160, January 10, 1995
- Front-mounted electromagnetic digitizer (CalComp) with a display: gives long description of Scriptel front-mounted electrostatic display, discussion of problems of rear mounting. Uses term "pen-driven computing".
[LeeJ94]
(*)
Lee, Jack
"Pen-based form computer",
United States Patent 5,347,477, September 13, 1994
- Forms-based inputing gestures to control recognition, insert, delete scroll -- compare with GO
- Refers to smoothing (and averaging?) to obtain the non-distortion point
-
[LevineS91]
(*)
Levine, Stephen R.; Harui, Alex J.; Schirpke, Michael W.; Donoghue, Karen; Ajgaonkar, Donna
"Apparatus for Manipulating Documents in a Data Processing System utilizing Reduced Images of Sheets of Information which are Movable",
United States Patent 5,060,135, October 22, 1991
- Freestyle from Wang: Pen/stylus direct manipulation for annotating document images. Only made use of electronic ink, no handwriting recognition or gesture shape recognition. Touch-and-lift (similar to tap) and touch-and-move (drag) operations. Allowed for both ink annotations and voice recording annotations, which could be played back as a "recorded" whiteboard session. No actual remote whiteboard communication. Gave the appearance of being an operating environment, but was only for annotating captured images, taken from DOS application screens or Fax input. Separate patent on means for suspending and restoring a running DOS application program.
[Lexicus92]
(*)
Lexicus
"iSKETCH Digital Ink for Wireless Communications",
http://www.motorola.com/lexicus/html/isketch.html
- Compression software fo digital ink images on hand-held platforms
[Lexicus95]
(*)
Lexicus
"Lexicus' Cursive Recognition",
Byte Magazine, June 1995: available at http://www.byte.com/arg/9506/img/501026j0.htm
- Lexicus neural network handwriting cursive recogition: 25,000-word dictionary and statistical methods (compare with Viterbi algorithm?)
[Lipscomb91]
()
Lipscomb, James S
"A Trainable Gesture Recognizer",
Pattern Recognition, Vol 24 No 9, September 1991, pp 895 to 907.
- Angle filtering and multi-scale/step gesture recognition
- Angle filtering very non-invariant recognition, so funny scaling was required
- Copy/move using gesture recognition without separate vector part of move: just two circles and arc between as one stroke
- Gestures have semantic effect (they do something), are single, so a recognition speed delay less critical than with handwriting character recognition
[Loh91]
(*)
Loh, Skiu-Chang
"On-line Handwritten Character Recognition Apparatus with Non-Ambiguity Algorithm",
United States Patent 5,034,989, July 23, 1991
- Handwritten characters are recognized as a set of primitives / primitive strokes, consiting of short lines, segments, curves.
- Contains table of single-stroke primitives (unistrokes?) which are labeled uniquely with letters of the alphabetic: recognition of letters/words consists of a dictionary look-up of the resulting strings of characters
[Lopresti93]
.
Lopresti, Daniel P. and Tomkins, Andrew
"Approximate Matching of Hand-Drawn Pictograms",
3rd International Workshop on Friontiers in Handwriting Recognition, Buffalo NY May 1993
- Avoid need for handwriting recognition when indexing documents by approximate matching of hand-drawn pictograms. Mentions difficulty of handwriting recognition of (Asian) languages
[Lopresti94]
.
Lopresti, Daniel P. and Tomkins, Andrew
"On the Searchability of Electronic Ink",
4th International Workshop on Friontiers in Handwriting Recognition, Taipei, Taiwan, December 1994
- Avoid need for handwriting recognition when indexing documents by approximate matching of hand-drawn pictograms. Mentions difficulty of handwriting recognition of (Asian) languages
[Lopresti95]
(*)
Lopresti, Daniel P.; Aref, W.G.; Kamel, I.
"On handling Electronic Ink",
ACM Computing Surveys, vol 27, no 4, December 1995, pp. 564..567
- Searchability of electronic ink; approximate matching of hand-drawn pictograms
[Machart92]
(*)
Machart, Beverly Hellen, and Wang, John Shihyuan
"Graphic data display system",
European Patent EP 0 226 019 B1, February 5, 1992, assigned to International Business Machines Corporation.
- Filing date in 1986
- A signature which has disconnected stroke can be manipulated an transmitted as a single object
- To indicate end of signature/character, uses second button on pointing device, similar to Pencept PenPad
[MacNeill93]
(*)
MacNeill, David
"Newton Notes: Messaging Card and NewtonMail: We pick up and deliver",
On The Go Magazine, October 13, 1993
- NewtonMail E-Mail application using electronic ink instead of text
[MakiK93]
(*)
Maki, Ken
"The AT&T EO Travel Guide",
John Wiley and Sons, 1993
- User guide for EO Person Communicator. Describes Gestures of GO/PenPoint operating system, including flick gestures, brackets, circle, caret, down-right, up-right, etc.
[Maryland95]
(*)
Maryland, Universtify of at College Park
"DOCBIB through 1994: Document Understanding Blibliography",
http://documents/cfar.umd.edu/biblio/DOCBIBpre95.ps
- Bibliography of papers relating to document understanding, starting about 1980. Sections include: On-line character recogniton; Gestures and Sketches; Script; Foreign optical character recognition; Recognition of mathematics and Formulas; Line drawings; Signature verification; Writer Identification; Synthetic data; Forms processing; Shorthand; Music recognition
[MartinD95]
(*)
Martin, David A.
"Interactive Display System",
United States Patent 5,448,263, September 5, 1995
- Projection whiteboard system with LCD project panel, overhead projector, digitizer. See other references to MartinD.
- Describes alignment/calibration method for display and projection vs. tablet, similar to that of PenCept/CIC/etc. for paper versus tablet.
[MartinP92]
(*)
Martin, Partricia A; Huntington, John T II; McNally, J. Michael; Barrett, David M.; Ward, Jean R.
"computer with Tablet Input to Standard Programs",
United States Patent 5,148,155, September 15, 1992
- Simulated devices for input to a computer with integrated digitizer/display: devices included writing pad, simulated mouse, simulated virtual tablet, simulated virtual soft keyboard. Devices implemented in a separate control processor, no special device drivers.
- See also 5,491,495 Ward et al
[McKeehan94]
(*)
McKeehan, Julie and Rhodes, Neil
"Programming for the Newton: Software Development with NewtonScript",
AP Professional Press, division of Academic Press, 1994, ISBN 0-12-484800-1
[MeyerA95]
(*)
Meyer, Andre
"Pen Computing - A Technology Overview and a Vision",
ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, July 1995. Also available at http://www.amug.org/amug/sigs/newton/nanug/PenReport/References.html
-
Includes reviews of several experimental systems of the early 1990's, and a lengthy bibliography: several German references included. Almost all the references are from 1991 to 1995, very little before that.
- Unistrokes. Jotted notes: implying electronic ink as a data type. PenPoint, Windows for Pen Computing. Cites Alan Kay for early visition of handwriting computer (although no such device was ever built?). Cites early papter by Ward, but not the on-line bibliography (1995).
[Microsoft91a]
(*)
Microsoft
"Microsoft Mouse Programmer's Reference",
Microsoft Press, 1991, ISBN 1-55615-336-8
- Description of MENU.COM, *.MNU files, MENUMAKE.DOC, MENUREAD.ME. Mouse menus allow for support of mouse in DOS applications that are not "mouse-aware". MENU.COM uses static menu definitions, expert menus are *.COM files with specific knowledge of application. Compare with keyboard macros, and with recognition macros by PenCept and CIC for handwritten gestures.
[Microsoft93a]
(*)
Microsoft
"Understanding Pen Drive functionality under Windows",
support.microsoft.com, article Q94701, republished January 8 2003 as ID 94701
- Mouse/Pen driver for Microsoft Windows for Pen Computing 1.0 (Pen Windows 3.1). Sample driver was for a Wacom tablet: Scriptel also supported (other reference). States that pen behaves similar to a mouse when Windows for Pen Computing is not present. Includes support for non-integrated separate tablet. Tablet data rate and resolution can be set dynamically.
[MicroTouchUnMouse92]
(*)
MicroTouch Systems Inc.
"UnMouse Product information",
MicroTouch Systems Inc., Methuen Massachusets
- Touchpad (relative motion) digitizer to replace a mouse: includes an absolute-position mode, and the use of pre-defined function templates to define additional programmable keypad.
- Compare programmable keyboard with Kaplow
- Presssure/force-sensitive touchpad uses light touch to simualate proximity sensing / mouse tracking on tablet, press harder to simulate touch contact
- UnMouse marketed as accessibiliy aid device for the handicapped
- File contains additional materials also
[Mikan94]
(*)
Mikan, Peter J.
"Computer Mouse Simulator Device",
United States Patent 5,376,946, December 27, 1994
- Device to convert absolute co-ordinates of touchscreen to mouse relative-motion coordinates, and having "buttons" recognized on the touchpad for the mouse button: prior art include MicroTouch Unmouse cited 1990
- Compare to Shumer patent on tablet controller, where driver functions are claimed if located in an external controller for a tablet (or mouse?)
[More93]
(*)
More, Edward S., and Aiken, John C.
"Electro-optic Slate for Direct Entry and Display and/or Storage of Hand-entered Textual and Graphic Information",
United States Patent 5,194,852, March 16, 1993
- digitizer tablet combined with LCD display: shown in a PDA sample, hand-held slate computer
- also shows chain-code recognition of connected and disjoint characters
- Handwriting recognition is done in separate area from electronic ink: side-menu GUI for text-editing
[Mosaic95]
(*)
Mosaic Input Technologies, Inc.
"Gesture Mosaic User Guide",
www.amtelcom.com/Mosaic/UserGuide.html
- Simplified unistroke-like gestures, as substitute for writing full characters. User writes on a 12-segment outline of characters, outline in shape of figure eight, similar to seven-segment display. Punctuation and some other characters input via pop-up keyboard. For Apple Newton. (See also AlphaPad00)
[NCR92]
(*)
NCR
"NCR 5991 Signature Capture/Electronic Payment Terminal",
NCR Corporation, an AT&T Company
- Signature capture digitizer terminal with integrated display, shows actual sales receipt on display not just opaque signature capture pad. Uses Scriptel electrostatic front-surface digitizer.
[Novobilski92]
(*)
Andy Novobilski
"PenPoint Programming",
Addison-Wesley, August 1992
- General application programming tutorial for PenPoint. Chapter 7 "Using the Pen" describes acetate layer for tempory display of electronic ink prior to recognition: thus showing actual shape, compare with early "write anywhere" features of Tablet PC. Field types Integer, Date, Fixed, Text for character recognitioni by context. Compare with "Factoids" for Tablet PC from Microsoft. Example applications include two-dimensional mathematics/arithmetic calculator, crossword puzzle, direct manipulation of character tile objects.
[Organek93]
(*)
Organek Technology
"PenPut - Beyond character recognition!",
Product announcement: PenPut, and SmartCase. Organek Technology, 695 Mariposa Avenue, Suite 304, Oakland CA 94610, (510) 438-9461
- Zone-based gestures instead of characters: pen moves in one of eight directions and three different distances to make a character, next character is made without lifting the pen:
- Unistroke character recognition for whole words, using special directional abbreviatsions
- Unistroke short-hand input of whole words for English: claims input speeds to 35 WPM
[Paul95]
(*)
Paul, Lauren Gibbons
"Keeping secrets",
Ziff-Davis Publishing Company, PC Week
- Press report on trade-secret theft lawsuit between VMI and Autodesk, concerning Otto Berkes, later director of UMPC/Origami project at Microsoft
[PenComputing95a]
(*)
Pen Computing Magazine
"Gesture Mosaic: Newton Software Review",
Pen Computing Magazine, Issue #6 August/September 1995
- Review of Mosaic Input, Zone-based handwriting recognition using figure-eight overlay. Awkward to learn, vendor claims 40 words per minute input rate with practice.
[PenComputing95b]
(*)
Pen Computing Magazine
"IBM ThinkPad 730TE: Product Review",
Pen Computing Magazine, Issue #7 November/Decmeber 19951995
- Pen tablet PC using Wacom digitizer. Mentions "Dynapad" by Alan Kay: Mistaken reference to Dynabook? Provided with choice of PenPoint, PenDOS, Pen for OS/2 Warp, PenRight!, or Windows for Pen Computing 1.0. Uses ThinkWrite handwriting recognition instead of Microsoft MARS recognizer.
[PenComputing95c]
(*)
Pen Computing Magazine
"Casio DT-9000 Product Review",
Pen Computing Magazine, Issue #7 November/Decmeber 19951995
- Casio PDA: does not mention input. "handy terminal" vendor description. Comparison with Panasonic JT-900PT. Includes printer.
[PenPointPress91]
(*)
PenPointPress
"Press announcements on GO/PenPoint",
(Various)
- Press announcement related to GO/PenPoint: business with IBM, etc.
[PenPoint92]
(*)
PenPoint
"PenPoint for the Samsung PenMaster",
Samsung Part Number SPM-PON
- Unopened software package
[PenPoint92a]
(*)
PenPoint
"PenPoint Architectural Reference Volume 2",
GO Technical Library, Addison-Wesley Publishing,
- Includes long list of gestures, shown in a Font table
[PenPoint92b]
(*)
PenPoint
"PenPoint User Interface Design Reference",
GO Technical Library, Addison-Wesley Publishing,
- Page 133 list of gestures, some of which are upper-case character e.g. letter B for Bold: Compare with PenCept recognition macros circa 1985. Flick gestures, compound gestures of multiple uses of the same sub-gesture strokes, with semantically similar meaning.
[PenWindows92a]
(*)
PenWindows: Microsoft Corporation
"Microsoft Windows for Pen Computing: Programmer's Reference, Version 1 Designed to work with Windows 3.1",
Microsoft Press, 1992
- Pen Message Interpreter, Pen Macro Layer for gestures: does not contain list of gesture shapes. Pages 16..20, description of differences between mouse and electronic ink drivers, coalescing of mouse messages, etc. Refers specifically to shape recognition for gestures. Uses term "enhanced pen aware" or "pen-enhanced" instead of "pen-centric" for applications designed specifically for pen/gesture/handwriting input.
[PenWindows95a]
(*)
PenWindows: Microsoft Corporation
"Pen Computing and Windows 95",
Pen Computing, Number 7, December 1995
- Windows for Pen Computing version 1.0 versus version 2.0, boxed edit control, hedit handwriting edits
- Lisa Sampfli, PenFact Inc. in Boston Massachusetts
[PenWindows95b]
(*)
PenWindows: Microsoft Corporation
"Programmer's Guide to Pen Services for Microsoft Windows95",
Microsoft Press, ISBN 1-55615-835-1
- Gestures p. 61: Circle gestures with letter: Lasso: p. 481 shows list of circle gestures by shape, using mnemonic characters -- compare to "recognition macros" of PenCept; HPENDATA object holds chunks of electronic ink data, separate from mouse messages. WM_LBUTTONDOWN / IsPenEvent() / DoDefaultPenInput: electronic ink data is associated as extra data (HPENINFO) attached to a mouse event.
[Perlin93]
(*)
Perlin, Ken and Fox, David
"An Alternative Approach to the Computer Interface",
Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 93
- Virtual workspace, zooming into different sections to simulate the user-interface metaphor of a large physical workspace. Refers to this as a "Pad" interface. Shows zooming into sections of a calendar: compare with Slate "DayTimer" Pen-Scheduler product from 1991 (not cited, perhaps he was not familiar with it: Bricklin patent?).
[PLDOS95]
(*)
www.pldos.pl
"PC Dos 2000 Details",
www.pldos.pl/pcdos
- General information on PC DOS and PenDOS: mentions "mouse emulation" in PenDos, separate from tablet/stylus driver: limited use of Gestures in pen-aware Mouse applications. (Web site partially in Polish)
[Pimax95]
.
Primax Electronics Ltd.
"DataPen User's Guide",
Primax Electronics Ltd.
- Cited in Aries97 for optical digitizer
[PollackA91a]
(*)
Pollack, Andrew
"Technology: Positioning the Electronic Stylus",
The New York Times, March 17, 1991
- Report on tablet digitizer for the new products known as pen computers: Wacom, Scriptel, Kurta, Calcomp, Summagraphics, Numonics, Seiko, Hitachi adapting opaque digitizers, Resistive coating from Gridpad, Microtouch. Electrostatic from Scriptel. Cites Jean Renard Ward on digitizer impact on handwriting recognition accuracy.
[PollackA91b]
(*)
Pollack, Andrew
"A Battle in Pen-Based Computers",
The New York Times, January 22, 1991
- Report on PenPoint from Go Corporation, plus Microsoft hot on the heels of PenPoint. Big Market expected. Mentions also Grid Systems (owned by Tandy/Radio Shack). Investors in Go include Mitch Kapor, Apple. Bill Gates following Mitch Kapor to Japan. Quotes Phillipe Kahn saying Microsoft was copying Go. Quotes Vern Rayburn of Slate, storying electronic ink image itself.
[Quinnell95]
(*)
Quinell, Richard A.
"Cover Story: Touchscreen Technology",
EDN Magazine, November 9, 1995. Available from http://www.end.com/archives
- Technology review of touchscreens: flexible resistive film (a la Elographics), Capacitive, Capactivive zone, SAW surface acoustic wave or GAW guided acoustic wave, IR infra-red touchscreens, strain guage. Refers to problems with capacitive touchscreens. Mentions that acoustic SAW screens can sense multi-touch more than one point of contact. Capacitive proximity sensing (Microtouch zones). Does not use the word tablet. Cites Scriptel/Symbios electrostatic tablet with proximity sensing. Describes fabrication expense of rear-mounted electromagnetic digitizers. Electronic ink in windows 95.
[RubinSM94]
(*)
Rubin, Steven M.
"Computer Aids for VLSI Design, Chapter 10: Human Engineering",
Web reference at www.rulabinsky.com/cavd/text/chap10-6.html
- Bibliography only: contains reference to Ledeen Recognizer in Newman/Sproull textbook, other interactive editors (without character recognition): Application GUI using Ledeen recognizer
[Rubine91]
(*p)
Rubine, D.
"Specifying gestures by example",
ACM SIGGRAPH '91 Proceedings, Computer Graphics Vol 25 No 4, 1991, pp 328-337.
- trainable, unistroke/single-stroke gestures, single-stroke X and delete symbols, using hotspots, etc.
- Cited in Lipscomb91, Arvo00
[Rubine91a]
(*)
Rubine, D.
"The Automatic Recognition of Gestures",
PhD Thesis, Carnegie Mellon University, 1991, technical report CMU-CS-91-202
- Gesture recognition and definition system: trainable recognizer, simple API programming language for defining semantics/operations using GRANDMA Smalltalk Model/View/Controller or Model/View paradigm. Refers to single-path gestures (mouse/status) and multi-path gestures (multi-touch finger input with several fingers). Cited in Goodisman as comprehensive reference. Multi-touch input using DataGlobe, Sensor Frame, or multiple-finger touch pad. Trainable classifier/recognizer for multi-touch gestures. Gclef music score editor patterned after Buxton (but used recognizion of shapes, not of directional changes?)
[Rubine91b]
(*)
Rubine, D.
"Integrating gesture recognition and direct manipulation",
Proc. of the summer '91 USENIX Technical Conference, 1991, available at http://reports-archive.adm.cs.cmu.edu/anon/itc/CMU-ITC-100.pdf
- Describes mouse gestures in a trainable system; refers to "eager recognition@quot; where recognition starts before stylus lift / end of stroke
- "GRANDMA": Gesture recognition and direct manipulation in the same interface, by using sub-gestures in a direct-manipulation stroke, recognition of gestures within a stroke
- Shows similar (single-stroke) gestures for moving text and moving drawing objects (taken from Buxton)
[Rubine92]
.
Rubine, Dean Harris
"Combining Gestures and Direct Manipulation",
Proc. ACM Conf. on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'92) pp 659-660, May 1992
[Ruggedware94]
(*)
RuggedWare
"Using Pen on the Road",
RuggedWare Ltd., Denver Colorado
- Sales Automation application using Windows-based pen computer. Input into "letter guides", boxed character recognition input, makes distinction between character cells which are empty, and those which contain a space. Compare with Ward patent on simulated keyboard input using handwriting input.
[Sato91]
(*)
Sato, Kimikatsu Sagamihara; Toyoda, Ryuichi; and Masaki, Takeshi
"Pen-type Computer Input Device",
United States Patent 5,027,115, June 25, 1991",
- Similar to PenMouse: mouse-like input device shaped like a pen, but not a tablet digitizer because it only picks up relative motion. Sensing of position is an electromagnetic (or optical pattern) pickup of a nibbed writing ball in the pen.
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