[AlphaPad00]
(*)
American Tel-A-Systems Inc.
"About AlphaPad -- AlphaPad technical information",
www.alphapad.com
- Full-alphabet recognition using 12-key keypad, alternative to Mosaic zone-based handwriting recognition for PDAs by the same group
[Anstice96]
(*)
Anstice, Janice; Bell, Tim; Cockburn, Andy; and Setchell, Martin
"The Design of a Pen-Based Musical Input System",
Sixth Australian Conference on Computer-Human Interaction, 24-27 November, 1996, pp 260-267. IEEE Press
- Presto: Handwriting input for musical scores, including editing gestures for pop-up menus, add tails, add dots, etc. based on context of information. Scribble/scrub mark for deleting. Shows writing styles and stroke order for musical notes and stems. Notes that this is easier than normal musical writing, and faster than OCR of music using 1995 technology.
[Apple96]
(*)
Apple Computer Inc.
"Newton 2.0 User Interface Guidelines",
Addison Wesley, 1996, ISBN 0-201-48838-8
- Newton gestures and handwriting recogniton pp 6-13 ff. Printed (block), cursive, mixed handwriting. Also shapes and sketches. Scrubbing (delete) gesture may be made in any orientation. Gesture caret, caret plus long line,
[Arai97]
(*)
Arai, T. et al.
"PaperLink: A Technique for Hyperlinking from Real Paper to Electronic Content",
CHI 97 Electronic Publications: Papers, March 22-27, 1997 (13 pages)
- VideoPen: rough laboratory prototype of small video camera mounted on a pen to capture documents as they are written, or as a hand-held OCR/image capture as documents are marked up: paper states that prototype not developed enough for realistic user studies. Cited in Jared01 re Anoto and similar technologies for optical tablet digitizer
[Arvo00]
(*)
Arvo, James and Novins, Kevin
"Fluid Sketches: Continuous Recognition and Morphing of Simple Hand-Drawn Shapes",
Proceedings of the 13th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, San Diego, California, November 2000
-
Pretty-fying of electronic ink and sketches by least-squares fit to a clean shape or line, before the pen/stylus is lifted
- Does not cite it, but appears similar to spline fitting of electronic ink done by Slate / GO Corporation in the PenPoint operating system: The Slate/Go process was invoked only after the pen was lifted
- Relies on some simple recognition of which strokes are characters, and which are sketching: also similar to Slate/GO
- Says that providing initial recognition results while input is still being drawn (with sketches, not characters) allows lower-quality recognition to be used, because the user can stop as soon as the correct result is displayed
[Arvo00a]
(*)
Arvo, James and Novins, Kevin
"SmartText: A Synthesis of Recognition and Morphing",
AAAI Spring Symposium on Smart Graphics, Standford California, March 2000, pages 140-147
-
Shows a UI for handwriting where handwritten characters are gradually replaced by font recognition results, and pretty-fied / normalized in position
[BaeckerRM95]
.
Baecker, R.M.; Grudin, J.; Buxton, W.A.S. and Greenberg, S.
"Readings in Human-Computer Interaction: Toward the Year 2000",
Morgan Kaufmann, publishers, San Francisco, CA
- Cited in MyersB96: ITS from IBM Research as automatic generation/generator tool for user interfaces.
[Bagley96]
(*)
Bagley, Steven C;, Kopec, Gary E.
"Editing text in an image",
United States Patent 5,548,700, August 20, 1996
- Editing of (static) electronic ink without character recognition, by recognizing bounding boxes of individual characters. Did not cite van Raamsdonk, did cite Facsimile editing by Suenega
[Bagley98]
(*)
Bagley, Steven C.
"Editing Scanned Document Images using Simple Interpretations",
United States Patent 5,734,761, March 31 1998
- Editing of (static) electronic ink without character recognition, by recognizing bounding boxes of individual characters. Refers to editing groups of graphical objects by pretending that they are a set of letters/words, but does not used specific character recognition, merely recognition of text-like elements
[Barnett99]
(*)
Barnett, Shawn
"Jeff Hawkins: The man who almost single-handledly revived the handheld computer industry",
Pen Computing Magazine, 1999. Archive at www.pencomputing.com/palm/Pen323/hawkins1.html
- Interview with Jeff Hawkins: GridPad, Handspring, Palm, Zoomer, Newton, Graffiti
[BarrettGL98]
(*)
Barrett, Gary L. and Wolfe, Andrew L.
"Curvilnear linearization device for touch system",
United States Patent 5,736,688, April 7, 1998
Resistive/conductive ink patterns to correct non-linear distotions of resistive digitizer
[Baudel97]
(*)
Baudel, T., Buxton, Fitzmaurice, G., Harrison, B., Kurtenbach, G. and Owen, R
"Clickaround tool-based graphical interface with two cursors",
United States Patent 5,666,499, Septempber 9, 1997
- See also http://www.billbuxton.com
- Two-handed user interface using two input cursors or stylus, one hand positions a menu or tool with various buttons or action elements, the other operates on the tool and the object selected underneath
[Beernink97]
(*)
Beernink, Ernest H., Aguste, Donna M. and Meier, John R.
"Method and Apparatus for Recogniting Handwriting of Different Users of a Pen-Based Computer System",
United States Patent 5,666,438, September 9, 1997, assigned to Apple computer Inc., Cupertino, California
-
Pop-up menu/keyboard for punctuation characters and editing commands: insert, delete, etc.
- Improves recognition non-adaptively, by letting user input setting for spacing of words, cursive/mixed/printed, time-out for end of character, and other preference settings.
[BermanAH96]
(*)
Berman, Andrea H. and Whitmore, Mihriban
"Initial Usability Testing of a Hand-held Electeronic Logbook Prototype for the Human Research Facility",
NASA Contractor Report NAS9-18800, April 1966, LM31992
- Apple Newton hand-held pen computer very awkward to use in microgravity environment, because it was hard to write and hold either the pen computer and/or the user still at the same time. Handwriting input rated "marginal".
[Bier96]
(*)
Bier, Eric A. and Buxton, William A. S.
"User interface having movable sheet with click-through tools",
United States Patent 5,581,670, December 3, 1996
- See also http://www.billbuxton.com
- Simulated keyboard user-interface, other devices, positions on a movable menu of user-interface components (simulated selector, rotator, etc.) on a virtual sheet or grid which can be positioned over the object for the action to be applied to
[Bier97]
(*)
Bier, Eric A., Buxton; William A. S. and Stone; Maureen C
"User interface having click-through tools that can be composed with other tools",
United States Patent 5,617,114, April 1, 1997
- Variety of simulated devices on a digitizer/display: examples include simulated mouse, simulated keypad, simulated French curves or stencils (movable menu?), movable pie menus
- See also http://www.billbuxton.com
[Bigelow98]
(*)
Bigelow, Stephone J.
""Understanding Pen Systems and Touchpads"",
Chapter 34, in "Troubleshooting, Maintaining, and Repairing PCs -- a Technician's Guide", McGraw-Hill, 1998
- Simple overview of resistive digitizers, capacitive pen digitizers, capacitive touchpad digitizers, electromagnetic digitizers
- Has listing of Gestures for Pen Windows, and for PenPoint, including pigtail gestures and other gestures not used in later Tablet PC from Microsoft
[Bisset96]
(*)
Bisset, Stephen; Miller, Robert J.; Allen, Timothy P., and Steinbach, Guenter
"Touch Pad Driven Handheld Computing Device",
United States Patent 5,543,588, August 6, 1996
- Capactive touch-screen and display
[Blickenstorfer00]
(*)
Blickenstorfer, Conrad
"PenLab: A much faster, extensively reworked pen tablet",
Pen computing magazine, June 2000. Available at www.pencomputing.com
- Fujitsu 3400 PenLab portable/docking pen computer, Windows 95 with Microsoft pen extensions. Mentioned design change to avoid rear-mounted electromagnetic digitizer, in favor of front-mounted resistive film digitizer. Optical plate to reduce visual parallax.
[Bloomberg99]
(*)
Bloomberg News
"Microsoft, others sued over pen patent",
CNETNews.com, April 29, 1999
- Mitchell Forcier patent lawsuit against Microsoft, claims that technology missappropriated by Aha! Software and licensed to Microsoft
[Bohan99]
(*)
Boha, Michael; Phipps, Chad A.; Chaparro, Alex; and Halcomb, Charles G.
"A Psychophysical Comparison of Two Stylus-Driven Soft Keyboards",
Proceedings of Graphics Interface GI'99
- Comparison of QWERTY and "T9" (TegicCommunication) simulated keyboard layouts: QWERTY wins, because users can find the keys more easily. References to papers comparing performance and usability of handwriting recognizers
[Boritz98]
(*)
Boritz, James
"The Effectiveness of Three Dimensional Interaction",
Graduate Thesis, University of British Columbia
- Cites R.A. Bolt "Put that there" Gesture system from 1980
- Primarily deals with visual feedback, human factors in three-dimensional pointing methods
[Bowyer97]
(*)
Bowyer, Kevin
"Case Study Resources for an Ethics and Computing Course",
1997 ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference
- Otto Berkes, trade-secret ethics example, lawsuit between VMI and Autodesk
[Brown98]
(*)
Brown, Andrew R.
"Composing by Pen: Exploring the effectiveness of a system for writing music notation on computers via pen input",
Unpublished manuscript: available at http://www.academo.qut.edu.au/music/browna/NoteWriter.htm
- Tested usability of NoteWriter software by Hamel, 1988 on undergraduate music students: main objection was poor recognition performance: subjects/users did not have much time to get accustomed to the system: described Hamel specifically as a unistroke input system
- unistroke handwriting input for music notation
[Brown98b]
(*)
Brown, Heather; Harding, Robert; Lay, Steven; Robinson, Peter; Sheppard, Dan; and Watts, Richard
"Active Alice - using real paper to interact with electronic text",
Proceedings of 7th Internal Conference on Electronic Paper, Saint Malo, April 1998. Reprint available at www.globis.ethz.ch
- Abstract only
- Digital Desk: optical video camera determines position of writing on a desktop. Compare to Richard Oed 1980's.
- Bibliography of other papers by Robinson on file.
[BrownH99]
(*)
Brown, Heather and Robinson, Peter
"Integrating Paper and Digital Documents",
in section 'Intelligent Paper' of "Electronic Documents, Artistic Imaging, and Digital Typography", Roger D. Hersch, Editor. Available at http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~pr/publications/dmf99/dmf99.pdf
- Review of various work on intelligent paper: compare with Anoto (not cited?). Mentions TEI Text Encoding Initiative for encoding data in printed documents, dataglyphs, electronic ink on paper. Xlibris Active Reading Machine and Dynomite appear similar to Slate DayTimer Notebook product of approximately 1992 (not cited?)
[Buxton98a]
(*)
Buxton, W. and Bier, Eric A
"User interface having simultaneously movable tools and cursor",
United States Patent 5,798,752, Aug. 25, 1998
- See also http://www.billbuxton.com
- User interface using a digitizer tablet with a puck, the puck has user input buttons on it (like a traditional digitizer puck), but also reports the rotational orientation of the puck. Puck also contains a trackball.
[Buxton98b]
(*)
Buxton, W. and Fitzmaurice, G.W
"System for editing time-based temporal digital media including a pointing device toggling between temporal and translation-rotation modes",
United States Patent 5,790,769, Aug. 4, 1998
- See also http://www.billbuxton.com
- (Six dimensions) User interface using a digitizer tablet with a puck, the puck has user input buttons on it (like a traditional digitizer puck), but also reports the rotational orientation of the puck. Mentions toggling (via button?) between temporal and positional input modes,
[Buxton99]
(*)
Buxton, William
"Case Study 1: Touch Tablets; Chapter 5 of "Haptic Input&, Draft Document",
www.billbuxton.com
- Short overfiew of touch tablets: refers to "dual pressure" sensing and infrared sensing proximity (but not touch) to simulated proximity sensing
- States that touch tablets do not actually send signal that stylus is not pressing on tablet, but instead this must be infered from timing of touch tablet data (tablet stops sending) (Was he sure on this?)
[Buxton00]
.
Buxton; William A.S.; Harrison; Beverly L., Vicente; Kim J
"Graphical user interface with optimal transparency thresholds for maximizing user performance and system efficiency",
United States Patent 6,118,427, September 12, 2000
- See also http://www.billbuxton.com
[Buxton00a]
(*)
Buxton; William Arthur Stewart, Bell; Jeffrey Allen
"System for maintaining orientation of a user interface as a display changes orientation",
United States Patent 6,115,025, September 5, 2000
- See also http://www.billbuxton.com
- Keep user interface elements in display at constant orientation for the user, as the display itself is rotated in a multi-user system
[Buxton00b]
(*)
Buxton, William A.S. . and Kurtenbach, Gordon P.
"Graphical keyboard",
United States Patent 6,094,197, July 25, 2000
- Simulated keyboard on a display: however, typing action is gesture-like: tap on key for lower case, drag upwards from key for upper case, drag right for control-c, drag right-up for control-C. Diagonal stroke used for whitespace/backspace/return/delete. Describes penddown/pendrag/penstill/penup events, not must mouse button up/down.
- See also http://www.billbuxton.com
[Fishkin00]
(*)
Fishkin, Kenneth P.; Goldberg, David; Gujar, Anuj Uday; Harrison, Beverly L.; Mynatt, Elizabeth D; Stone, Maureen C; and Want, Roy
"Zoomorphic Computer User Interface",
United States Patent 6,160,540, December 12, 2000
- Electronic teddy bear with various computer interactive technologies: specifically mentions tablet computer and gestures (e.g. shake)
- European patent also on file: same Goldberg of Unistroke
[FitzmauriceG99]
(*)
Fitzmaurice, G. and Buxton, W.
"Temporal data control system",
United States Patent 5,973,669, Oct. 26, 1999
- "Scrubwheel": mouse with a rotational control, so that it can both be positioned (to select something, such as which video clip) and rotated (as a knob to control speed of rendering)
- See also http://www.billbuxton.com
[Fonix99]
(*)
Fonix Corporation
"Fonix and Lucent Technologies Inferno Software Solutions To Offer Fonix Handwriting Recongition Software to Information Appliance Market",
Lucent Technologies
- Shows graffitt-like unistroke character recognition, including unistroke "X" and German "Sharp-S". Mentions Inferno Operatin System
[Forcier96]
(*)
Forcier, Mitchell D.
"Script Character Processing Method and System with Bit-Mapped Document Editing",
United States Patent 5,590,257, December 31, 1996
- Editing of handwriting/electronic ink without recognition of characters
- Editing of electronic ink: word-wrap, inserting spaces, editing of handwritten lines of text
- van Raamsdonk possible related art? ... not cited.
- Press reports from 1999 of Forcier accusing Microsoft of infringement
[Forcier99]
(*)
Forcier, Mitchell D.
"Script Character Processing Method and System with Bit-Mapped Document Editing",
United States Patent 5,953,735, September 14, 1999
-
Editing of handwriting/electronic ink without recognition of characters
- Editing of electronic ink: word-wrap, inserting spaces, editing of handwritten lines of text
- van Raamsdonk possible related art? ... not cited.
- Press reports from 1999 of Forcier accusing Microsoft of infringement
[FreemanW97]
(*)
Freeman, William T. and Weissman, Craig D.
"Hand Gesture Machine Control System",
United States Patent 5,594,469, January 14, 1997
- Camera facing out from large display recognizes hand gestures. Appears similar to "Put-That-There" prototype at M.I.T. Compare with iPoint device from Fraunhofer Institut.
[Freund99]
(*)
Freund, Gregor
"System and Methodology for Managing Internet Access on a Per Application Basis for Client Computers Connected to the Internet",
United States Patent 5,987,611, November 16 1999
- Zone Labs: per-application firewall. Mentions intercepting process loading (via kernel hooks?) and checking application details, such as components, version, checksum. Not adaptvie, rule-based.
[Capps96]
(*)
Capps, Stephen P.
"Method for selecting objects on a computer display",
United States Patent 5,523,775, assigned to Apple Computer, Inc., June 4, 1996
-
Recognition of a selection gesture over objects on a display: makes use of overlap, displays pen path on display as electronic ink; selection can be shown before the gesture is complete and the pen stylus is lifted
[CappsS9??2]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"Method for manipulating objects on a computer display
",
United States Patent 5,345,543
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??3]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"Method and apparatus for correcting words
",
United States Patent 5,367,453
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??4]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"Method and apparatus for deducing user intent and providing computer implemented services
",
United States Patent 5,390,281
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??5]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"Pointing gesture based computer note pad paging and scrolling interface
",
United States Patent 5,398,310
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??6]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"Visible clipboard for graphical computer environments
",
United States Patent 5,404,442
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??7]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"Method and apparatus for the manipulation of text on a computer display screen
",
United States Patent 5,442,742
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??8]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"Interface for a computerized database having card and list views
",
United States Patent 5,446,882
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??9]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"Method and apparatus for manipulating inked objects
",
United States Patent 5,465,325
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??10]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"Method and apparatus for providing computer-implemented assistance
",
United States Patent 5,477,447
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??12]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"Method and apparatus for setting a clock in a computer system
",
United States Patent 5,487,054
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??13]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"Graphic editor user interface for a pointer-based computer system
",
United States Patent 5,513,309
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??16]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"Method and apparatus for indicating a change in status of an object and its disposition using animation
",
United States Patent 5,544,295
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??17]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"Interface for a computerized database having card and list views
",
United States Patent 5,544,358
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??18]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"Resetting the case of text on a computer display
",
United States Patent 5,555,363
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??19]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"Method and apparatus for formatting a communication
",
United States Patent 5,579,467
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??20]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"Pointing gesture based computer note pad paging and scrolling interface
",
United States Patent 5,581,681
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??21]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"Method for deleting objects on a computer display
",
United States Patent 5,583,542
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??22]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"Method and apparatus for setting a clock in a computer system
",
United States Patent 5,583,833
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??23]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"Status bar for application windows
",
United States Patent 5,588,105
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??24]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"System for executing different functions associated with different contexts corresponding to different screen events based upon information stored in unified data structure
",
United States Patent 5,588,141
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??25]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"Method for manipulating notes on a computer display
",
United States Patent 5,590,256
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??26]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"Method and apparatus for computerized recognition
",
United States Patent 5,592,566
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??27]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"Method and apparatus for correcting words",
United States Patent 5,594,640
- Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton. Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??28]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"System and method of reflowing ink objects
",
United States Patent 5,596,350
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??29]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"Method and apparatus for indicating a change in status of an object and its disposition using animation
",
United States Patent 5,596,694
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??30]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"Method for routing items within a computer system
",
United States Patent 5,596,697
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??31]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"Method for deleting objects on a computer display
",
United States Patent 5,602,570
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??32]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"Gesture sensitive buttons for graphical user interfaces
",
United States Patent 5,612,719
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??33]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"Method and apparatus for deducing user intent and providing computer implemented services
",
United States Patent 5,621,903
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??34]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"System and method for event parameter interdependence and adjustment with pen input
",
United States Patent 5,634,100
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??35]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"Methods and apparatus for a selectable backdrop
",
United States Patent 5,634,102
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??36]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"Method for locating and displaying information in a pointer-based computer system
",
United States Patent 5,644,657
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??37]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"Method and apparatus for providing implicit computer-implemented assistance
",
United States Patent 5,644,735
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??38]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"Graphical user interface using historical lists with field classes
",
United States Patent 5,666,502
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??39]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"Method and apparatus for the manipulation of text on a computer display screen
",
United States Patent 5,666,552
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??40]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"Method and apparatus for formatting paragraphs
",
United States Patent 5,671,438
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??41]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"Boxed input correction system and method for pen based computer systems
",
United States Patent 5,682,439
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??42]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"Method for correcting handwriting on a pen-based computer
",
United States Patent 5,710,831
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??43]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"Method for searching and displaying results in a pen-based computer system
",
United States Patent 5,710,844
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??44]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"Method and apparatus for tab access and tab cycling in a pen-based computer system
",
United States Patent 5,745,716
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??45]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"Method for locating and displaying information in a pointer-based computer system
",
United States Patent 5,764,818
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS98]
(*)
Capps, Stephen, Beernink, Ernest H., and Temkin, David T.
"String inserter for pen-based computer systems and method for providing same
",
United States Patent 5,778,404, July 7, 1998, assigned to Apple computer Inc., Cupertino, California
- Pop-up menu/keyboard for punctuation characters and editing commands: insert, delete, etc.
- Should have cited Wang patent on keyboard simulation
- Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??47]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"Rotating toy with electronic display
",
United States Patent 5,791,966
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??48]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"System for computer with interface and scripting systems cooperating in interrated fashion by sharing frame objects of common unified data structure stored in object system
",
United States Patent 5,805,869
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CappsS9??49]
.
Capps, Stephen et al
"System and method for organizing recognized and unrecognized objects on a computer display
",
United States Patent 6,021,218
- Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
[CardS97]
(*)
Card, Stuart
"Information Visualization and Information Foraging",
Cseriac Gateway, Volume VIII No 1, 1997, pp 9..10
- Summary of talk on information visualization by Stuart Card at Xerox PARC: mentions Memex, mostly talks about zooming (including non-graphical) and linking (via Hypertext)
[CERT00]
(*)
CERT Cordination Center
"Results of the Security In ActiveX Workshop",
Security in ActiveX Workshop, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania USA, August 22-23, 2000. Published at the CERT Coordination Center, Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, December 21, 2000
- Review of ActiveX security problems and measures
[ChattyS96]
(*)
Chatty, Stephane and Lecoanet, Patrick
"Pen computing for air traffic control",
Proc. of SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems, Vancouver 1996, pp. 87-94
- Compare with Orr68, which was not cited
- Cites previous work on GRIGRI by Bothorel, Baudel, Dubocq and Lepied
- Study of a direct-manipulation input system for air traffic control, versus previous lightpen/keyboard systems. Mentions gesture recognition error rate, suggestion for use of application object context and other factors to improve recognition and input
[Chefalas96]
(*)
Chefals, Thomas E. and Tappert, Charles C.
"Silent training by error correction for on-line handwriting recognition systems",
United States Patent 5,544,260, August 6, 1996
- "Silent" training of any trainable handwriting character recognition system by displaying possibilities to user to make corrections to the training set. User writes directly over a character shown on the display.
[Citrin96]
(*)
Citrin, Wayne and Gross, Mark D.
"Distributed Architecture for Pen-Based Input and Diagram Recognition",
Research Report, Dept. Of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder CO USA, http://wallstreet.colorado.edu/projects/dds/Papers/AVI96.html
- PDA-based diagram/sketch recognition editor with single-stroke / unistroke gestures
- Co-operative drawing surface (whiteboard system using Apple Newtons). Part of SmartPad project: Electronic Cocktail Napkin
[ClarkeJ97]
(*)
Clarke, J.
"Shorthand for the Palmpilot?",
posting to newsgroup alt.comp.sys.palmtops.pilot, 09/13/1997, available at www.dejanews.com
- Review of Gregg and Pitman shorthand, and the fact that all experienced practitioners use special single/uni-stroke/unistroke forms for common words, phrases, pages of text
- Character handwriting recogniton for short-hand: refers to single-stroke / unistroke codes,Computer Aidted Transcription
- Mentions commercial companies by name
[CloughWA97]
(*)
Clough, William A.; Ouelette, Daneil; De La Sablonniere, Serge
"Portable Computer with Touch Screen and Computer System Employing Same",
United States Patent 5,675,362, October 7, 1997
- Portable slate pen-computer using touch screen (not proximity digitizer): Microslate, Inc. of Canada. Generic claim appears to be having an automatic application generator. Refers to drop-down pick list as a "library" of answers for touch-screen selection. Later rights owned by Typhoon Touch Technologies.
[Constanble97]
(*)
Constanble, Frederick
"Xerox sues USR over patents",
posting to newsgroup alt.comp.sys.palmtops.pilot, 04/30/1997, available at www.dejanews.com
- Xerox sues US Robotics / Palm / Graffiti over unistroke character recognition, Goldberg patent
[DanielsPT96]
(*)
Daniels, Peter T. and Bright, William
"Shorthand",
"The World's Writing Systems", pp 807-ff, Oxford University Press, 1996
-
Examples of many short-hand handwriting systems, includeing Greek (1934), Tironian (1934), Bright's. Shows Medieval short-hand systems, including single-stroke / Unistroke systems.
- Willis' Stenography, Unistroke characters except for one "plus"-like two stroke from for "H", 1934.
- Early terminology for short-hand writing included symbolicals, arbitraries, wordsigns, tachyogrphy, logographic, phonotypy
[DavisTR99]
(*)
Davis, Tom R.
"Bibliography on Handwriting, natural, taught styles, copy-books",
University of Birmingham, U.K.
- Shorthand, taught handwriting styles by education, single-stroke writing, Pittman
[deIpina00]
(*)
de Ipina, Diego Lopez
"Building Components for a Distributed Sentient Framework with Python and CORBA",
Unknown conference proceedings, date approximate
- The title is odd, but the paper makes substantial references to 2D circular barcode (ringcode) tags, and inferring the approximate location, orientation, and identifier of the tags using optical scanning / visual processing. Compare with Sekendur.
[DelBimbo97]
.
Del Bimbo, Alberto and Pala, Pietro
"Visual image retrieval by elastic matching of user sketches",
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol 19 No 2, pp 121-132, February 1997
[Dingledein98]
(*)
Dingledein, Dennis
"Computer Graphics and Graphical User Interfaces",
Available at http://www.zgdv.de/www.zgdv-uig/papers/gui/contents.html
-
Informal research group on user-interface design: mentions work on single-stroke/unistroke gesture recognition by Rubine, others
[DrobneS99]
(*)
Drobne, Samo
"Prenosno in Terenski Racunalnistvo",
Master's Thesis in spatial planning, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, 1999
- Contains examples of gestures: spiral, dash/flick, square. Example of circle/lasso gestures from Handwriter for Windows by CIC Communication Intelligence Corporation, Pen Windows / Pen Extensions, Windows CE, Fujitsu 2300 pen computer
[DulbergM98]
(*)
Dulberg, Martin S and St. Amant, Robert
"A Flying Click Gesture for Unary Selection and Activation",
Technical Report TR-98-05, Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University
- Flick / Flying Click mouse gesture faster than mouse click on a button
[Dymetman98]
.
Dymetman, M. and Copperman, M.
"Intelligent Paper",
Proceedings of EP '98, March/April 1998. Available in "Electronic Publishing, Artistic Imaging, and Digital Typography", Springer Verlag LNCS 1375, pp. 392..406
- Cited along with Sekendur, Bennett, and Anoto in some bibliographies
[Elbaum99]
(*)
Elbaum, Sebasian and Munson, John C.
"Intrusion Detection through Dynamic Software Measurement",
USENIX Workshop on Intrusion Detection and Network Monitoring, April 1999, pp 41-50
- Disallowed Operational Anomaly system: dynamic modeling of program behavior using execution path patterns, deny operation when program behavior diverges from learned patterns.
- Technical reference for Cylant.com, intrusion detection contrasted to signatures for files or SNORT network patterns
[EllerM98]
(*)
Eller, Marlin and Edstrom, Jennifer
"Barbarians Led by Bill Gates: Microsoft from the Inside",
Owl Books, 1998
- Marlin Eller's history of Microsoft tactics with GO Corporation, Pen/Windows, etc.: Contrast with "Startup" by Jerry Kaplan (of GO Corporation). Chapter "Pen Ultimate Warfare": quote describing Microsoft OS/APIs as a tax on a large market. Mentions initial contacts between GO Corporation and Microsoft prior to Pen Windows / Windows for Pen Computing.
[Em00a]
(*)
Em, Davic
"Fujitsu Stylistic 3400",
byte.com, August 18, 2000
- Pen tablet computer: not Tablet PC, uses CIC PenX handwriting-recognition software (trainable), with on-screen soft keyboard. Runs modified Windows 9X / Windows98 OS
[Em00b]
(*)
Em, Davic
"Invations of the Pen Computers, Part I",
byte.com, August 18, 2000
- Pen tablet computers: not Tablet PC, mostly Windows 95 / Windows98. Aqcess Technologies QBE tablet computer.
[Gasch96]
(*)
Gasch, Scott
"Alan Kay (biographical sketch)",
http://ei.s.vt.edu/~history/GASCH.KAY.HTML
- Biographical sketch on Alan Kay: mentions Byte 91 article, Kay had seen handwriting recognition system at RAND in 1968
[Gladstone99]
(*)
Gladstone, Kat, and Haber, Andrew S.
"Licensing opportunity for technology which may be of interest",
SCRIB-L@NIC.SURFNET.IL Discussion List, Sep 29, 1999
- posting of information on US Patent 5,018,208, "Input Device for Dynamic Signature Verification". Mentions use as a biometric automobile lock, with the benefit that neuromotor effects on handwriting variability would prevent drunk drivers from using their car. Contact information is Kate Gladstone - Handwriting Repair, Albany, NY
[Giangrasso96]
(*)
Giangrasso, Dominic
"Casio Planeo",
Pen Computing Magagzein, # 10 1 May/June 1996, www.pencomputin.com
- Review of Casio Planeo color PDA: pen taps on small displayed keyboard on touchscreen, sketch function for freeform electronic ink: no reference to character recognition?
[Gillespie96]
(*)
Gillespie, David; Allen, Timothy P.; and Wolf, Ralph
"Object Position Detector with Edge Motion Feature and Gesture Recognition",
United States Patent 5,543,591, August 6, 1996. Assigned to Synaptics Incorporated
- Conductive digitizer responds to finger touch, plus recognizion of tap, hop, zig-zag, push and dragging gestures (Unistroke?). Refers to compensating for unintended motion during gestures. Mentions multiple-fingure gestures.
- Cites surface-acoustice-wave SAW digitizers as related art
- Cites Alps/Cirque GlidePoint with gesture recognition,
[Goff99]
(*)
Goff, Leslie
"The S/360 Learning Process",
ComputerWorld, Lineline News, 4/19/99, http://careers.computerworld.com/home/news.nsf/all/9904191964
- Lists members of the GRAIL project at the RAND Corporation: Bill Sibley, Tom Ellis, Gabe Groner (Groener?), Mal Davis
- Describes deficiencies of IBM S/360 interrupt processing, and TCBs / Task Control Blocks, to capture electronic ink in real time
[Goldberg97]
(*)
Goldberg, David
"Unistrokes for Computerized Interpretation of Handwriting",
United States Patent 5,596,656 assigned to Xerox Corporation, Stamford, Connecticut, January 21, 1997
-
Patent on "eyes-free" writing by contraining every character to a single stroke: many characters have no similarity to the customary handwriting style
- Subject of a patent dispute between Xerox and U.S. Robotics over the Palm Pilot character recognition "Graffiti", which used mostly single strokes
- Unistroke patent by Goldberg was re-examined: see file notes, numerous references to shorthand and other writing stylues for unistroke characters
[Griepentrog96a]
(*)
Griepentrog, Scott
"Pen Services 2.0 - What is Microsoft doing?",
Wiki posting at: twiki.stg.net
- Technical note on change in gesture and handwriting interface between Windows for Pen Computing Pen Services 1.0 (for windows 3.11) and 2.0 (for Windows95)
- Lists gestures under Windows 3.x: directional tab for space, newline, cirlicue for cut and undo, sidewas cirlycue for copy, chevron for paste, diagonal up-down for delete and backspace, checkmark for edit text, etc. Replaced in Windows 95 Pen Windows with edit box and incomplete pop-up keyboard without arrow keys, others: some character recognition errors thus cannot be corrected.
[Griepentrog96b]
(*)
Griepentrog, Scott
"Pen Windows Machine support page",
Wiki posting at: twiki.stg.net
- Downloads for Windows for Pen Computing, Pen Services 1.0 drivers, also for Pen Services 2.0, WINTAB driver for NT/95, PEN DOS drivers.
[Griepentrog96c]
(*)
Griepentrog, Scott
"We have a friend in Bill ...",
Wiki posting at: twiki.stg.net
- 1993(?) Interview with Bill Gates of Microsoft, he mentions using (or not using) handwriting recognition on his laptop -- mentions that it (Pen Windows) does not work very well
[Griepentrog96d]
(*)
Griepentrog, Scott
"Word for Windows 95 Pen Support",
Wiki posting at: twiki.stg.net
- Pen Annotation feature of Word 6.0 for Pen Windows not functional in Word 7.0 for Windows 95
[Griepentrog96e]
(*)
Griepentrog, Scott
"Pen Services for Windows 95",
www.pencomputing.com
- Describes changes from Pen Services 1.0 to Pen Services 2.0 for Windows for Pen Computing: squiggle gestures of 1.0 replaced by under-arrow gesture, with circle around a letter, e.g. circle-S for insert a space. Macro definition of keysequence to circle-letter gesture dropped from 1.0. Alternative recognition: clicking on letter brings up display of alternative recognition results. (Note: check patent files). GRECO and MARS handwriting recognizers
[GrossM96]
.
Gross, Mark D. and Do, Ellen Yi-Luen
"Ambiguous intentions: A paper-like interface for creative design",
Proceedings of the 9th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, page 183-192, Seattle, Washington, 1996
[GrossM96a]
(*)
Gross, Mark D. and Do, Ellen Yi-Luen
"Demonstrating the Telectornic Cocktail Napkin: a paper-like interface for early design",
Proceedings of CHI 96, available at http://depts.washington.edu/dmachine/PAPER/CHI96/demo.html
- Trainable gesture recognition of multi-stroke glyphs, use of graphical context, collaborative drawing
- Cites earlier work on gestures and sketch recognition back to 1991: Rubine gesture recognizer
- Calligraphic drawing
- http://wallstreet.colorado.edu/Napkin
[GrossR97]
(*)
Gross, Ralph
"Run-On Recognition in an On-line Handwriting Recognition System",
Technical Report, June 1997, Carnegie-Mellon University and University of Karlsruhe
- NPen++ neural net character recognizer, use of heirarchical word dictionary for HMM word matching
[HannRL97]
(*)
Hann, R.L.
"A Conversation with Stuart Card",
Cseriac Gateway, Volume VIII No 1, 1997, pp 11..12
- Invention of the mouse, and introduction circa 1983: long-lived and successful, because the limitations were in eye-hand coordination, not in the mouse hardware or electronics. Compare with performance characteristics of digitizer tablets.
[Hertzmann98]
(*)
Hertzmann, Aaron
"Painterly Rendering with Curved Brush Strokes of Multiple Sizes",
Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 98
- Student of Perlin: simulation (no actualy stylus input) of stroke direction to simulate oil paintings
[Hong00]
(*)
Hong, Jason I. and Landay, James A.
"SATIN: A Toolkit for Informal Ink-based Applications",
Proc. ACM UIST 2000, San Diego California
- Also mentions DENIM, sketch-based web site design tool using pen input. Makes comparisons with NewtonOS, Windows for Pen Computing, PenPoint. Describes sketch editing, and stroke simplification, examples are all the straightening of free-hand line segments in sketches and in characters
[Hu97]
(*)
Hu, Jianying, Rosenthal, Amy S., and Brown, Michael K.
"Combining High-Level Features with Sequential Local Features for On-Line Handwriting Recognition",
ICIAP (2) 1997: 647-654
[Hu98]
(*)
Hu, Jianying, Lim, Sok Gek, and Brown, Michael K.
"HMM Based Writer Independent On-line Handwritten Character and Word Recognition",
Proceeding of 6th International Workshop For Handwriting Recognition, Taejon City, Korea, August 1998
[Hu00??]
(*)
Hu, Jianying, Brown, Michael K., and Turin, William
"Use of Segmental Features in HMM Based Handwriting Recognition",
(reference not known: conference proceedings?)
- Stochastic patten recognizer, Hidden Markov Model (HMM)
- URL as of 5/9/2002: http://www.research.avayalabs.com/user/jianhu/index.html
- States that using a sliding window in a recognizer reduces error rate by 50%, but does not give the point of comparison, or the description of how the error was computed (false positive, false negative, etc.)
[HuerstW98]
(*)
Huerst, Wolfgang; Yang, Jie; and Waibel, Alex
"Error Repair in Human Handwriting - An Intelligent User Interface for Automatic On-Line Handwriting Recognition",
IEEE International Joint Symposia on Intelligence and Systems, May 21..23, 1998, pp. 389-395
- Addition of a UI for correcting handwriting recognition errors to the NPen++ handwriting recognition system: user can write over or cross out erroneous script recognition. User can write an additional character in the middle of a script-writing handwritten word. Delayed strokes (dots over lower-case i or j; cross-marks on a t) are thus also considered to be "repair" user interface.
[HUSAT00]
(*)
HUSAT
"HUSAT: Background to the Institute",
Presentation at Human Factors 2000 Symposium: Human Sciences and Advanced Technology at Loughborough Universtiy, U.K.
- HUSAT presentation human factors in user-interface technologies: history to Dimond Stylalator and RAND Tablet: speech and handwriting seem natural to humans, but may not be most natural for humans interacting with machines
- States that using a sliding window in a recognizer reduces error rate by 50%, but does not give the point of comparison, or the description of how the error was computed (false positive, false negative, etc.)
- URL as of 2002: www.lboro.ac.uk/research/husat/news/proj/jn_presentation.html
[Husky97]
(*)
Husky Computers Limited
"FC-PX5 User's Guide",
Husky Computers Limited, Coventry England
- Ruggedized pen computer using Pen Windows. Text emphasizes keyboard over gestures. "Microsoft Windows Guide to Pen Computing"
[Igarashi99a]
.
Igarashi, Takeo; Matsuoka, Satoshi; and Tanaka, Hidehiko
"Teddy: A sketching interface for 3d freeform design",
Computer Graphics Proceedings, Annual Conference Series, ACM SIGGRAPH, pages 409-416, August 1999
[Igarashi99b]
(*)
Igarashi, Takeo
"Freeform User Interfaces for Graphical Computing",
Doctoral dissertation, Graduate School of Information Engineering, Universtiy of Tokyo, December 1999
- Sketch-based editing of freehand drawing: dragging and pulling operations on lines and line segments: stroke-based architecture for electronic whiteboards
- Cites Unistroke character recognition, Cirrin and Quickwriting zone-based menu picking, mentions learning problem for gestures (see Greanias?)
[Interlink98]
(*)
Interlink Electronics, Inc.
"New Versapad Touchpad Sensor",
Interlink Electronics, Camarillo, California
- Thin touchpad digitizer: quotes Jeff Dao of CIC / Communications Intelligence Corporation. PenOP E-sign company. CyberSign (www.cadix.com) signature verification, Sony as a customer for the PCG 505
- Touchpad digitizer claims 1000 lines per axis / 200 counts per inch: implies resistive sheet digitizer
[Intermec00]
(*)
Intermec Technologies Corporation
"6642 Pen Computer Technical Reference",
Intermec Tecnologies Corporation, Cedar Rapids Indiana
- Pen computer using Windows 95 for Pen Computing: Pen Services 2.0. Pen Recognition services include also CIC PenX Recognition. Shows editor for assigning macros to gestures consisting of circled letters: compare to Recognition macros of Pencept PenPad series. PenX include Recognition Tuner to allow user to select which supported shapes appear in user's writing style, but not to train recognizer. Compare to recognizer in PalmOS for selection of shape prototypes.
[JaegerS99]
(*)
Jaeger, Stefan
"Recovering Dynamic Information from Static, Handwritten Word Images",
Abstract only: PhD Thesis, http://isl.ira.uka.de/ISL.publications.html#phd
-
Describes attempt to re-construct dynamic information of on-line handwriting recognition from off-line static images: mentions Traveling Salesman Problem as part of algorithm.
- Abstract says this would allow merging of recognition methods between off-line and on-line algorithms, but does not mention any results
- Full text of thesis (at end) says they do not deal with pen-lifts, assume one character at a time
[JaegerS00a]
(*)
Jaeger, S., Manke, S, and Waibel, A.
"NPEN++: An On-Line Handwriting Recognition System",
7th International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recongition, Amsterdam 2000, page 249-260
- handwriting recognition: Mentions normalizing size, inclination, and rotation; computing baselines; also refers to general problem of resampling to make points equidistant in space, and Bezier interpolation of "missing" points; Note: removes delayed strokes (e.g. crossing of a "T"). Compare with elastic matching by Tappert?
[JaegerS00b]
(*)
Jaeger, S., Manke, S, Reichert, J., and Waibel, A.
"On-Line Handwriting Recognition: The NPen++ Recognizer",
International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition, IJDAR'00, volume 3 No 3, p. 169-180, 2000
- Handwriting recognition using very large word dictionary: claims 91.2% recognition rate using 50000 word dictionary: tree-pruning to avoid exhaustive search
[Jain97]
(*)
Jain, Anil K. and Zongker, Douglas
"Representation and Recognition of Handwritten Digits Using Deformable Templates",
IEEE PAMI, Vol 19 No 12, December 1997, pp 1386..1391
- Deform outlines of bit-map templates (?) prior to computing degree of matching: compare with elastic matching by Tappert
- Optical recognition of handwritten digits from a 2,000 sample subset of NIST Special Database 1 of handwritten characters from ZIP codes: also mentions an IBM data collection.
- See also Zongker publication "Chicken Chicken"
[KangBHA00]
(*)
Kang, Beng Hong Alex; and Chung, Sun-Woo
"Method for providing a cue in a computer system",
United States Patent 6,160,555, December 12, 2000
- Handwriting recognition user interface: show different cursors (alpha/num/upper-case/etc.) in text entry before user writes, so that user only need to look at one place to see both mode and text cursor position. Note: separate writing and text area, not direct text input / direct manipulation.
[KayA98]
(*)
Kay, Alan
"History of the Character Recogniser; Was: Interaction between Keyboard and Mouse",
Posting to SQUEAK Mailing List November 7 1998, archived at http://minnow.cc.gatech.edu/squeak/605
- Refers to early character recognition / pen-input on Dynabook, and why it was dropped from the prototype: Refers to GRAIL recognizer as "near perfect". Describes early GRAIL system as using Unistrokes, because of fluidity of user interaction, user would learn the recognizer. Describes one step beyond unistrokes, recognition before pen is lifted (compare to Jourjine unpublished demonstration at Wang 1991)
[KayA00]
(*)
Kay, Alan
"Character recognition",
Posting to SQUEAK Mailing List November 5 2005, archived at http://lists.squeakfoundation.org
- Commentary on Goldberg Unistroke patent case: asserts that much of handwriting recognition technology prior art was done in 1960's, not known to U.S. Patent Office. Cites GRAIL system by Groner as Unistroke recognition: mentions QuikWriting and Ledeen recognizer
[Kinrot00]
(*)
Kinrot, Opher; Kinrot, Uri
"Interferometry: Encoder measures motion through interferometry",
Laser Focus World, March 2000
- Optical Translation Measurement, motion detection, basis for OTM Technologies optical digitizer pen, development by GOU Lite Ltd for coherent encodeds for one-two- or three-dimensional motion (stepper motor? servomotor? See Teledyne/TAC file)
[KrugerJ99]
(*)
Kruger, Justin
"Unskilled and Unaware of It: How Difficulties in Recognizing One's Own Incompetence Lead to Inflated Self-Assessments",
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, December 1999 Vol. 77 No 6, pp 1121-1134
- Self-evaluation of success/skill: subjects who know more or are more skilled, recognize their own performance more conservatively than low-skilled subjects. To paraphrase: a real expert will be more cautious in claiming to know exactly what is going on, because the real expert knows about the additional factors that may come into play, and what complex interactions can happen. Whereas a person who knows less will be more likely think they have it all figured out, because that person does not know about the other things they should include in their thinking, or that there might be additional ways they could interact.
[Kurtenbach97]
(*)
Kurtenbach, Gordon; Fitzmaurice, George; Baudel, Thomas; and Buxton, Bill
"The Design and Evaluation of a GUI Paradignm based on Tablets, Two-hands, and Transparency",
ACM CHI '97, March 22-27, Atlanta Georgia, 1997
- Two-handed simultaneous use of stylus and puck with a Wacom tablet
[Lallican00]
(*)
Lallican, P.M.; Viard-Gaudin, C.; and Knerr, S.
"From Off-Line to On-Line HandWriting Recognition",
International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, IWFHR2000, September 2000, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp 303-312
- On-line works better than off-line, so simulate stroke order (and direction of strokes?) to recover time-order of the handwriting. See also VisionObjects commercial development.
[Landay96]
(*)
Landay, James A.
"Interactive Sketching for the Early Stages of User Interface Design",
Ph.D. Thesis, Carnegie Mellon University, CMU-HCII-96-106
- SILK User interface these: Annotated references to sketch recognition, character recognition, gesture
- Reference PerSketch system for editing sketches by user interface which allows multiple interpretations of input: four lines as four lines, and as a rectangle. Cited in MyersB96 for free-hand gestures and storyboards for sketching (and application generator / automatic generation) of user-interface designs.
[Lang99]
(*)
Lang
"GO Alumni Directory",
www.apocalypse.org (no longer available)
- List of Alumni from GO Corporation: partial copy, original list no longer available
[LaPedus96]
(*)
LaPedus, Mark
"Apple and Motorola will launch new products with Chinese handwriting recognition
",
BYTE Magazine, September 1996: also available at http://byte.com/art/9609/sec17/art7.htm
-
Lexicus division of Motorola with Chinese handwriting recognition product: WisdomPen
- Other Chinese pen-computing products: Taipei GoTop; Han Wang Science and Technology in Beijing; Pen Power Technology of Taiwan; Taiwan Palmax in partnerchip with Caso, InfoRay PD-96 organizer recognizes more than 13,000 Chinese characters
- Quotes Derek Ling of Motorola/Lexicus that Chinese handwriting recognizers often have higher recognition rates than Roman alphabet recognizers, because Chinese is always written in the same stroke order and style by users (sic: this contradicts study done at Pencept by Salzer)
[Lazzouni97]
(*)
Lassouni, Mohamed; Yousaf, Mohamed; Qureshi, Rizwan A., and Nazir, Naveed A.
"Pen and Paper Information Recording System using an Imaging Pen",
United States Patent 5,661,506, August 26, 1997
- Optical digitizer using printed pattern on paper, using squares and clusters of squares, compare with Anoto
[LCS/Telegraphics00]
(*)
LCS/Telegraphics
"Wintab Advanced Pointing Device Management for Windowed Environments",
LCS/Telegraphics, Cambridge Massachusetts, July 28, 2000
- Background information on WinTab specification, originated at 1991 Autodesk conference to define vendor-neutral device driver specification for digitizing tablets
[LeedhamCD94]
.
Leedham, C.G.
"Historical perspectives of handwriting recognition systems",
IEE Colloquium on Handwriting and Pen-Based Input, 1994, pp 1..13.
- Abstract only: history of handwriting recognition (?) back to 1950's.
[LeopoldJL97]
.
Leopold, J.L. and Ambler, A.L.
"Keyboardless visual programming using voice, handwriting, and gesture",
Proceedings of IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages, Sep 23-26, 1977, Pages 28-35
- (abstract only): Voice, handwriting and gesture pen-computing user interface, using a visual programming environment: states useful for accessibility for manually or visually impaired.
[LifchitzA00]
(*)
Lifchitz, Alain and Maire, Frederic
"A Fast Lexically Constrained Viterbi Algorithm for On-line Handwriting Recognition",
7th International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recongition, Amsterdam 2000, page 313-322
- Lexical constraint / dictionary for handwriting recognition context: uses directed acyclic word graph DAWG instead of trie tree-structure
[LongA98]
(*)
Long, A; Landay, J.; and Rowe, L.
"PDA and Gesture Uses in Practice: isnsights for Designers of Pen-based User interfaces",
Report #CSD-97-976, CS Division, EECS Department, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA. January 1998
- Study comparing pen-input gesture use on Applel Newton and early Palm Pilot: Gestures used more often on Newton than on Palm Pilot. Also studies used of Graffiti unistroke characters: noted that for Grafitti, users gave different performance ratings when asked about Graffiti than when asked about handwriting recognition although it was the same thing. Primary use of pen computers in study was note-taking during meetings.
[Lopresti98a]
(*)
Lopresti, Daniel P. and Tomkins, Andrew
"Method for Locating a Penstroke Sequence in a Computer",
United States Patent 5,809,498, September 15, 1998
- Index retrieval of electronic ink images for a pen-based computer, by comparing a user input to each of the stored images, rather than comparing to pre-defined characters and doing handwriting recognition of text.
- Refers to user viewing of images as the final step in indexing and matching: compare to other methods for doing picture image search for similarity of images
[Lopresti98b]
(*)
Lopresti, Daniel P.
"Ink as Multimedia Data",
Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Information, Systems, Analysis and Synthesis, July 1998, Orlando, FL, pp. 122-128
- Find electronic ink in a database by comparing number of points, point sequences, feature vectors, stroke types, characters, words. References to pretty-fying of electronic ink images. Compare to Slate "deferred translation" and DayTimer indexing methods
[Louderback99a]
(*)
Louderback, Jim
"Fujitsu PenCentra 130",
ZDNet Publications: www.zdnet.com/zdtv/freshgear, May 21, 1999
- Fujitsu rubberized/ruggedized pen computer running WindowsCE. Mentions pen tablets (portable handwriting computers) running Windows NT.
[Louderback99b]
(*)
Louderback, Jim
"Qubit",
ZDNet Publications: www.zdnet.com/zdtv/freshgear, March 26, 1999
- Internet Access Device stand-alone touchscren/tablet computer for accessing the internet.
[Luckie98]
(*)
Luckie, Douglas
"Newton Hall Of Fame",
Biographical notes on early Apple Newton developers and personalities, http://www.msu.edu/~luckie/hallofame.htm
-
Stepan Pachikov, Father of Newton's "Cursive Recognizer", Calligrapher handwriting recognition system: originally developed the HWR technology at ParaGraph International
-
Larry Yaeger, Brandyn Webb and Michael Kaplan - Fathers of Newton's "Print Recognizer": neural network not enough for handwriting recognition, need character segementation, word segmentation, multiple geometric context models, language context moels, search engine, in addition to character classifier
[Machrone00]
(*)
Machrone, Bill
"Wacom's LCD Pen Tablet: Nearly Perfect, Pricey",
PC Magazine, November 1, 2000
- Integrated tablet and display touchscreen from Wacom PL500, pressure sensitive (actually force-sensitive) stylus, mis-called pressure sensitive tablet, price about $3000
[MacNeill96]
(*)
MacNeill, David
"What's on your Newton?",
Pen Computing Magazine, Issue #11 July/August 1996
- Short article on actual user use of Newton pen PDA computer: mentions Zaurus and Pilot text-based PDAs compared with Apple Newton MessagePad: Pocket Quicken, Graffiti
[Manke96]
(*)
Manke, Stefan; Finke, Michael; and Waibel, Alex
"A Fast Search Technique for Large Vocabulary On-Line Handwriting Recognition",
International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, University of Essex, England, Sep. 2..5, 1996
- Use of a dictionary of words to aid in handwriting recognition: tree search of dictionary is faster than flat (linear) search. Word dictionary taken from "ARPA Wall Street Journal" project (for speech recognition evaluation), but no citation to the source.
[Manke00??]
(*)
Manke, Stefan and Bodenhausen, Ulrich
"A Connectionist Recognizer for On-line Cursive Handwriting Recognition",
(reference not known: conference proceedings?)
- Dynamic time warping / Time Delay Neural Network for single-character recognition, using a 3x3 or 20x30 bitmap local image
- Claims 99.5% recogition writer-dependent, between 91.5% and 99.5% on writer-indepdenent: expansion to larger writer-independent database gives about 75%
[MartinD00]
(*)
Martin, David A.
"Projection Display System with Touch Sensing on Screen, Computer Assisted Alignment Correction and Network Conferecing",
United States Patent 6,141,000
- Whiteboard system using a projection display with a touch-screen digitizer. Multiple pens, eraser.
[Masson99]
(*)
Masson, Terrence
"History of Computer Graphics (CG)",
www.visualfx.com/milestones.htm
- Ken Knowlton 1950s. Primarily generation of computer graphics, mentions SketchPad with light pen, but not Stylalator or Rand Tablet. Computer animation and CGI.
[McCrary98]
(*)
McCrary, Victor, and Smith, Alyssa
"Electronic Book '98 Workshop, "Turning a New Page in Knowledge Management"",
NIST Conference Proceedings, NIST-IR 6372, published 2001
- Mostly about E-books and document publishing, Ralph Sklarew also present
[McGraw96]
(*)
McGraw, Gary and Hofstadter, Douglas R.
"Emergent Letter Perception: Implementing the Role Hypothesis",
Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, pages 621-626, July 1996
- Cites early work by Blesser, Shillman, Cox et al on perceptual/cognitive basis for human letter character recognition: describes "Letter Spirit grid", similar to line-segment display, as a model for human recognition. Refers to letter vs. spirit, apparently spirit refers to an experimental model for writing/shape (not handwriting) style variability
[MertzC96]
(*)
Mertz, Christophe P. and Lecoanet, Patrick
"GRIGRI: Gesture Recognition on Interactive Graphical Radar Image",
Proc. of Gesture Workshop '96, March 19th, 1996York, U.K. Published in Progress in Gestural Interaction, Springer Verlag
- GRIGRI: French vernacular for "scribble". Abstract only.
[Microsoft99a]
(*)
Microsoft Corporation
"Description of Windows for Pen Computing Pens",
Microsoft Knowledge Base, 10/13/1999, KB85663
- Pen/tablet drivers use special interface for higher data rate than mouse driver, special display driver for displaying electronic ink
[MicroTouch98a]
(*)
MicroTouch Systems Inc.
"TouchWare for OS/2 User's Guide",
MicroTouch System, Inc. Methuen Mass
- First copyright is 1991: mentions double-click area setting required for using a touch-screen or touch-pad with a mouse driver, settings for the touch-screen affect the mouse behavior also, because it is the same driver.
- Desktop mode / Drawing mode / Button mode: controller uses quick touch (tap) to position the cursor, long touch to simulate mouse button behavior. See also UnMouse.
[MicroTouch98b]
(*)
MicroTouch Systems Inc.
"MT3000 Capacitive Controller",
MicroTouch System, Inc. Methuen Mass
- Controller (with firmware) for Microtouch touchscreens, UnMouse, touch-pads: Calibration is not four-point or orthogonal calibration, but two-point to get size of visible display
[MicroTouch98c]
(*)
MicroTouch Systems Inc.
"TouchWare for Macintoch (USB controllers) User's Guide",
MicroTouch System, Inc. Methuen Mass
- First copyright is 1991: mentions double-click area (in TouchWare control panel) setting required for using a touch-screen or touch-pad: evidently no OS support for double-click area
[MyersB96]
(*)
Myers, Brad A.
"User Interface Software Technology",
ACM Computing Surveys, Vol 28 No1, March 1996, pp. 189-191
- Short review of user-interface systems, User interface management systems UIMS (application generators): HP/Apollo Open-Dialog, VAPS by Virtual Prototypes; Automatic generation tools for user interface such as ITS from Baecker et al IMB Research. Refers to direct-manipulation interfaces as synonymous to GUI graphical user interface. Cites SILK, free-hand gestures and storyboards for sketching initial user-interface desings.
[MyersB98]
(*)
Myers, Brad A.
"A Brief History of Human-Computer Interaction Technology",
Interactions, March+April 1998, pp. 44-54.
- Traces GUI from Windows 95 back to Macintosch, back to Xerox Park, back to SRI / Stanford Research Laboratory and M.I.T. Direct manipulation user-interface from Sketchpad. No citations before 1960. Gesture recognition in AMBIT/G at MIT Linconln Labs in 1968. Cites light pen to 1954. Digitizing tablet used to create movie "Hunger" in 1971. Mistakenly states that Rand tablet was the first pen-based input device. Teitelman 1964 first trainable gesture recognition, gesture input on GRAIL system in 1964. UIMS systems in 1996, interface builders (application generator) in 1979.
[Narayanaswamy96]
(*)
Narayanaswamy, Shankar
"Pen and Speech Recognition in the User Interface for Mobile Multimedia Terminals",
Ph.D. Thesis in EE/CS, University of California, Berkeley, 1996
- "InfoPad" project at Berkeley. Citation to Go/PenPoint handwriting recognition with dictionary. Describes use of context areas to disambiguate gestures from handwriting. Cites problem of double-tapping (versus double-click) with stylus, because position is not the same. Cites problem of tip-switch sticking on digitizer at ends of strokes, added tails to character prototypes rather than correct them. Suggests combining digitizer/tablet for pointing/navigation with voice recognition for disabled accessibility.
- Mentions Pen PDAs as of 1996: Casio Z-7000, Sharp Zaurus, Amstrad PIC 700, Sony PIC-1000.
- PDA mentions Scriptel digitizer, term "raised strokes" for proximity detection (shake gesture of Tablet PC?)
[Ng98]
(*)
Ng, Elizabeth; Bell, Tim; and Cockburn, Andy
"Improvements to a Pen-Based Musical Input System",
OzCHI '98: The Australian Conference on Computer-Human Interaction, 29 November to 4 December, 1998, pp. 230..252, IEEE Press
-
Presto: Handwriting input for musical scores. (See earlier reference.) Additional gestures: right angles, appear simlar to those of ritePen / EverNote. Pop-up menus via gestures, one motion for selection. Cites "Schoolchildren" pen gesture application, Air-traffic control, others.
[Norrie98]
(*)
Norrie, Moira C. and Signer, Beat
"Switching over to Paper: A New Web Channel",
Proceedings of 7th Internal Conference on Electronic Paper, Saint Malo, April 1998. Reprint available at www.globis.ethz.ch
- Digitally encoded paper with (bar code? dataglyph? electronic paper?) information for web links. Compare to Hyperlink
[OsrOnline98]
(*)
OSROnline
"Purpose of the Pen Driver",
www.osronline.com/ddkx/w98ddk/pen_0bc1.htm
- Several pates on Windows 95 DDK Pen-Windows drivers, reference to Programmer's Guide to Pen Services for Microsoft Windows95. "Required Pen Driver Messages", "Other Pen Driver Messages" (load/unload, configuration, etc.)
[Palm97]
(*)
Palm Pilot / 3Com Corporation
"Graffiti reference card",
1997 Palm Pilot personal organizer product information
- Unistroke character set, except for cap lock gesture
[Parizeau93]
(*)
parizeau, Marc and Plamondon, Rejean
"Allograph Adjacency Constraints for Cursive Script Recognition",
Proc of Thrid IWFHR International Workshop for Handwriting Recognition, Buffalo NO, 1993, pp 252-261
- Probabalistic segmentation of cursive handwriting into separate characters: operates without word dictionary / linguistic knowledge
[Papyrus96]
(*)
Papyrus Associates: Bill Kania
"Recognition by Papyrus: single-stroke character recognition",
Papyrus Asscociates, papassoc@tiac.net, www.papassoc.com
- Unistroke character recognition
[PenComputing96a]
(*)
Pen Computing Magazine
"Handwriting Recognition",
1996(?), http://whiterabbit.com/amug/...PenReport/Handwriting.html
- Review of Unistroke recognition, PDA products and technology (HWX), mentions UNIPEN / JOT electronic-ink format, styalator
- Mentions graphics handwriting versus gestures, context example of circle as a drawing, as digit zero, character O, or Edit gesture (in PenPoint).
[PenComputing96b]
(*)
Pen Computing Magazine
"Pen Services for Windows 95 Product Review",
Pen Computing Magazine, August 1996, Issue No. 11
- PenWindows/Windows for Pen Computing essentially off the market, available only in 2.0 version for OEMs . Mentions Circle-S gesture (for "space"), changes in other gestures
[PenComputing96c]
(*)
Pen Computing Magazine
"Graffiti 2.0 Product Review",
Pen Computing Magazine, January/February 1996, Issue No. 8
- On Newton: Double-tap gesture in any text entry field to bring up Graffiti input. Mentions split of two areas for alphabetic and for numeric/digit input. Mentions that OmniGo allows input anywhere on the screen.
[PenComputing96d]
(*)
Pen Computing Magazine
"Freestyle 1.0 Product Review",
Pen Computing Magazine, January/February 1996, Issue No. 8
- Not the Wang Freestyle product: CalliGrapher handwriting recognition from ParaGraph: later used by Microsoft. Comment on difficulties of using editing gestures.
[PenComputing96e]
(*)
Pen Computing Magazine
"CIC Handwriter for Windows 95 Product Review",
Pen Computing Magazine, January/February 1996, Issue No. 8
- "Scribe" character recognizer for Windows for Pen Computing 2.0: YPad electronic note-taking application. Signature Sentinal uses biometric dynamic signature verification as password.
[PenComputing96f]
(*)
Pen Computing Magazine
"Digitizer Whiteboards",
Pen Computing Magazine, May/June 1996, Issue No. 10
- Whiteboard digitizing tablets: Microfield Graphics SoftBoard with map-projection and medical applications; Numonics IPM Interactive Presentation Manager with cordless stylus/pen; Smart Technology SMARTboard (using resistive technology) with rear-projection
[Perlin98]
(*)
Perlin, Ken
"Quikwriting: continuous Stylus-based Text Entry",
Proceedings of ACM UIST '98 conference
- Compared with Graffitti: single-stroke / unistroke character input, recognizing motions around a circular menu without lifting the pen between strokes (rather than recognizing normal characters): cites T-cube by Venolia
[Perlin00]
(*)
Perlin, Kenneth
"Method and Apparatus for Writing",
United States Patent 6,031,525, Febuary 29, 2000
- QuikWriting: refers specifically to it as using zones, ergo zone-based recognition, but the "writing" is not normal characters, it is a circular menu, no stylus-lift.
- See also press announcement "Look Ma, One Hand!" from Microsoft
[Plamondon00]
(*)
Plamondon, Rejean and Srihari, Sargur N.
"On-line and Off-line Handwriting Recognition: A Comprehensive Survey",
IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence PAMI, January 2000, pp 63-84
- Compare with Tappert/Suen survey articles on state-of-the-art in handwriting recognition for 1980 and 1990. Mentions Writer Identification (signature verification and identification), language models for incorporating grammar and dictionary models.
[Poyner96]
(*)
Poyner, Rick
"Wintab Interface Specification 1.1: 16- and 32-bit API Reference",
LCS/Telegraphics, Cambridge Massachusetts, revised May 9, 1996
- Wintab/Windows/Pen Windows: mentions tablet sharing, multiple application accessing tablet at once with different services: different tablet context objects for different (concurrent) applications, tablet packets with data for a high report rate. Driver supports command-input area, WT_PACKET window messages
[RAND98]
(*)
RAND Corporation
"50 Years of Looking Forward",
RAND Review, Fall 1998. Available at http://www.rand.org/publications/randreview/issues/rr.fall.98/50.html
- In 1961, researchers create the RAND Tablet, the first two-dimensional writing surface that allows humans to commuicate instantly with computer through characters printed on a tablet.
[RheingoldH00]
(*)
Rheingold, Howard
"Tools for Thought, Chapter Eleven: The Birth of the Fantasy Amplifier",
M.I.T. Press, 2000
- History and interview with Alan Kay on Dynabook. Refers to Sketchpad electronic ink (?) graphics editing. Lengthy discussion of Dynabook, but all references are to mouse (not stylus/tablet) and keyboard, no mention of handwriting recognition.
[Rocha00]
(*)
Rocha, Manuel Antonio
"Handwriting Template System",
United States Patent 6,142,783, November 7, 2000
- Physical/mechanical guide template, like those used for drfting lettering, as a guide to the correct writing of cursive script.
- Compare to restricted templates for doing Unistroke characters within a small mechanical box
[Rosenthal97]
(*)
Rosenthal, Amy S., Hu, Jianying, and Brown, Michale K.
"Size and Orientation Normalization of On-Line Handwriting Using Hough Transform",
IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, April 21-24, 1997, Munich, GermanyMulti-Dimensional Signal Processing Poster Session MDSP6P.13 Vol. 4, pp. 3077
- Correct for rotation, base-line drift in on-line recognition: claims 25% improvement in recognition accuracy, but does not describe recognizer or how the improvement was measured
- Boundary-line extraction, backtrack strokes: appears to be segmenting cursive/connected text at local Y extrema
[RuedisueliLW98]
(*)
Ruedisueli, Laurence, W. and Wilfong, Gordon Thomas
"System and Method for Processing and Managing Electronic Copies of Handwritten Notes",
United States Patent 5,838,819, November 17, 1998
- Filing and archiving system for electronic-ink handwritten notes. Identifiers for each page/sheet of writing, so that pages can be recalled. Identifiers left open to be numeric, graphical icons of the page, sequential, etc.
[Sarkar98]
(*)
Sarkar, Sudeep
"Case of Vermont Microsystems Inc. vs. Autodesk",
Available at http://courses.cs.vt.edu/~cs3604
- Case study in course on ethics: Prepared during NSF Workshop on Teaching Ethics and Computing. Otto Berkes, later director of Origami / UMPC project at Microsoft, trade-secret lawsuit between VMI and Autodesk on misappropriation of proprietary information
[Schomaker96]
(*)
Schomaker, L.
"The NICI stroke-based recognizer of on-line handwriting",
Available at http://hwr.nici.kun.nl/recog/nici-stroke-based-recognizer.html
- Velocity-based stroke: uses changes in stroke velocity to recognize the segmentation of characters: does not work with children's handwriting or handwriting with tremor. Makes use of UNIPEN software, refers to "Papyrus" project from 1990. Refers to other paper on handwriting recognition system based on human motor system. Points out some of the factors making it hard to judge recognition accuracy: count accuracy by letters or words, selection of test data, diversity in background of writer subjects, confusion of training and test sets, etc.
[Scribens99]
(*)
Scribens Research Laboratory of Ecole Polytechnique Montreal
"Bibliography of publications",
Available at http://www.scribens.polymtl.ca/publications.html
-
Lists publications and patents by Plamondon, Privitera, Guerfali, Djezire, Nouboud, Barriere, Parizeau, Clergeau-de-Tournemire, Leclerc, Sabourin, Beaumier, Brault, Yergeau, Suen, Chouinard, Lorette, Clement, Stelmach, Schomaker, Baron, Beauregard, Gagne, Robillard, Poussart, etc.
- Signature verification, electronic ink data compression formats, Human recognition accuracy, Fuzzy syntax for script recognition, normalization of handwritten characters, more
[Sekendur98]
(*)
Sekendur, Oral F.
"Absolute Optical Position Determination",
United States Patent 5,852,434
- Digitizer tablet "smart paper" that puts a printed code on paper, position is read by optical sensor in the stylus tip. Compare with technology by Anoto et al.
[Selker99]
(*)
Selker, Ted
"Style and Function of Graphic Tools",
Graphics Interface GI'99 Online Papers: www.graphicsinterface.org
- Essay reviewing graphical user interfaces, including position input, no mention of gestures or handwriting recognition
[Sklarew99a]
(*)
Sklarew, Ralph
"Handwritten Keyboardless Entry Computer System",
United States Patent 6,002,799 assigned to AST Research, Inc., Irvine, California, December 14, 1999
- Abstract refers to transparent sensing surface over display, electronik ink, character recognition, and learning mode
- Abstract reads almost identically to Sklarew patent 4,972,496: this one refers to "terminal disclaimer"
- Very long list of prior art
[Sklarew99b]
(*)
Sklarew, Ralph
"Handwritten Keyboardless Entry Computer System",
United States Patent 5,933,526, assigned to AST Research, Inc., Irvine, California, August 3, 1999
- Abstract refers to transparent sensing surface over display, electronik ink, character recognition, and learning mode
- Abstract reads almost identically to Sklarew patent 4,972,496: this one refers to "terminal disclaimer"
- Specific to learning mode where adaptive recognition must be taught from initial state
[Sklarew00]
(*)
Sklarew, Ralph
"Handwritten Keyboardless Entry Computer System",
United States Patent 6,064,766, May 16, 2000
- Abstract refers to transparent sensing surface over display, electronik ink, character recognition, and learning mode
- Abstract reads almost identically to Sklarew patent 4,972,496: this one refers to "terminal disclaimer"
- actions are confirmed specifically by reverse-video of the field operated upon
[SmithiesCPK98]
(*)
Smithies, ChristopherPaul Kenneth; and Newman, Jeremy Mark
"Document And Signature Verification System and Method",
United States Patent 5,818,955, October 6, 1998
- signature verification system, primarily about the use of a data envelope that includes identity information, and a record of the "gravity prompt" message displayed to user to inform user about the seriousness of signing. Also claims use of signed checksum on document.
[SmithiesS99]
(*)
Smithies, Steve, Novins, Kevin, and Arvo, James
"A handwriting-based equation editor",
Proceedings of Graphics Interface '99, pages 84-91, Kingston, Ontario, June 1999
- Two-dimensional input with handwriting recognition for mathematics: features include showing parsing in real-time, with an eight stroke delay, showing bounding boxes on all characters/groupings as an aid to user understanding parsing. User can edit strokes, select alternate recognition results, and edit grouping/parsing of strokes.
[Subrahmonia00]
(*)
Subrahmonia, Jayashree and Zimmerman, Thomas
"Pen Computing: Challenges and Applications",
Proceedings of ICPR 2000 (pre-print)
- Short overview of pen-computing: refers to ultrasonic/acoustic digitizer, also barcodes like that of Anoto but different
- Gives limiting factors for acoustic digitizer, at 50 dpi due to air currents, etc.
- Digitizer building up mosaic of images from normal paper: not clear that they ever actually evaluated such a device
[TaylorS96]
(*)
Taylor, Scott
"Pen for OS/2 Update",
Pen Computing Magazine, Issue #8 January/February 1996
- Review of WARP, Pen extensions to OS/2. Mentions desktop Pen PC using external tablet. Cursor change to indicate in user interface when over a handwriting free-form input field.
[Tou96]
(*)
Tou, Frederich N. and Capps, Stephen P.
"Method and apparatus for inserting text on a pen-based computer system",
United States Patent 5,528,743, assigned to Apple Computer, Inc., June 18, 1996
-
Automatic recognition of handwritten text in the context of paragraphs: text is either placed into the appropriate place in an existing paragraph, or starts a new paragraph
- Shows use of writing baseline
[Tou96a]
(*)
Tou, Frederich N. and Capps, Stephen
"Method and apparatus for inserting text on a pen-based computer system
",
United States Patent 5,528,743, assigned to Apple Computer, Inc., June 18, 1996
-
Stephen Capps is listed in over 50 patents for pen-computing user-interface features, mostly from the Apple Newton.
- Patents cite little or no prior art before 1990: citations to van Raamsdonk, Pencept, and CIC may have been appropriate
- Text-editing, determining whether input is text, and location/targetting in relation to an existing paragraph. (Compare with Slate?)
[Trinder99]
(*)
Trinder, Michael
"The computer's role in sketch design: a transpartent sketching medium",
in Computers in Building: Proceedings of the CAAD Futures 99 Conference, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston 1999
- Includes overview/survey of sketch input systems: electronic cocktail napkin, Bill Buxton. Compares mouse to drawing with a brick, pressure-sensitive tablet and use of tilt in user interface.
[TurkM99]
(*)
Turk, Mathew
"Chapter 10: Gesture Recognition",
Draft manuscript for "Handbook" project: Available at vehand.engr.ucf.edu/handbook
- Gesture recognition, but primarily about hand and body gestures, not tablet/stylus gesture recognition for a computer GUI. One review section on Pen-based Gesture Recognition. PenPoint/GO is notable by not being mentioned: author
's address is at Microsoft Research. Only citation before 1991 is to Sketchpad.
[UKA99]
(*)
Interactive Systems Labs, CMU and Uni Karsruhe
"Publications on Neural Nets, Speech, Multimodal and Natural Language Processing",
http://isl.ira.uka.de/ISL.publications.html
- Source of Jaeger abstracts on handwriting recognition: lip-reading, speech recognition and UIs mostly.
[Unigraphics00]
(*)
Unigraphics User Museum
"Miscellaneous Junk",
http://www.uguser.org/home/museum/hall/Misc_junk.htm
- Collection of early Unigraphics tablet/pointing devices: Textronix Data Tablet, Spaceball three-dimensional joystick/pointing device, UGDD Unigraphics Detail Drafting tablet overlay, showing menus for keystroke macros or GRIP programs, McDonnel Douglas
[Videotile99]
(*)
Videotile: AT&T Laboratories
"The Videotile",
AT&T Lbaoratores, Cambridge Massachusetts
- Tablet digitizer and display, refers to sending raw analog video to the device rather than processing the video stream in the terminal: mentions Papyrus Associates and Allegro handwriting recognition. Recognition algorithms execute on separate server processor, not in local firmware
[VincentN00]
(*)
Vicent, N. and Dorizzi, B.
"A Fractal Justivication of the Normalization Step for Online Handwriting Recognition",
Proc. 7th International Workshop on Frontiers in handwriting Recognition, pp. 535-540
- Cites to REMUS recognition software: handwriting recognition, application of fractal models to determine charactertistics which do not vary based on tablet resolution, writing speed, or writing size. Automatic scaling of sizes?
[VirtualInk97]
(*)
Virtual Ink corporation
"Virtual Ink Corporation: The Company & The Product",
entrepeneurship.mit.edu/15975/VirtualInk_CompanyProduct.pdf
- Business Plan and profile for the epen / e*pen product, an electromagnetic digitizer to retrofit to a large existing whiteboard, bundeled with remote whiteboarding application software
[WagnerK99]
(*)
Wagner, Kirsten
"Informatios- und Wissensorganisation anhand raeumlicher Ordnungsmodelle: Das "Spatial Data-Management System" der "Achitecture Machine Group" als Fallbeispiel",
Position Statement, Internationale Zeitschrift fuer Theorie und Wissenschaft der Architektur, ISSN 1439-8363, Wolkenkuckucksheim, 1999
- Review of data-access models using graphical representations: shows Memex system of Vannevar Bush, showing stylus input (with digitizer tablet? Telautograph?) for hand-written electronic ink, possibly handwriting recognition to insert "code symbols" as annotation and linking information on a document. Photograph of Sketchpad by Sutherland, 1963.
[Wanderley00]
(*)
Wanderley, M.M. and Battier, M, eds.
"General Bibliography on Gestural Control in Music",
Reprint from "Trends in Gestural Control of Music", 2000, Ircam - Centre Pompidou
- Very long bibliography: mostly about gestures of music conductors, but contains some references to written gesture recognition with stylus and digitizer. Also contains references to recognition of American Sign Language gestures.
[WardJR96]
(*)
Ward, Jean Renard, Barret, David M., Martin, Patricia A., and Mokoski, Christopher D.
"User Interface having Simulated Devices",
United States Patent 5,491,495, assigned to Wang Laboratories, Lowell, Massachusetss, February 13, 1996
- Simulated virtual soft keyboard, handwriting recognition, simulated mouse input, in a GUI implemented in a separate processor from the main processor. Note patent classification/references for simulated virtual devices
[Willey97]
(*)
Willey, Mark
"Design and Implementation of a Stroke Interface Library",
Technical report, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue Universtiy, March 24, 1997
- Simple zone-based (here called "bins") single/uni-stroke recognition for command input: compare specifically to PenCept "Recognition Macros" of 1985
[WilsonAD00]
(*)
Wilson, Andrew David
"Adaptive Models for the Recognition of Human Gesture",
Ph.D. Thesis, M.I.T, Feburary 2000
- Gesture recognition (hand and body gesture) for interactive demonstration "Swamped!". Gesture of hand inside a puppet.
[WolfeA00]
.
Wolfe, Andrew Lawrence and Barrett, Gary Lloyd
"Multi-modal touch sensitive peripheral device",
United States Patent 6,037,930, March 14,2000
- Resistive film digitizer used to implement various virtual devices: joystick mode, mouse mode, absolute mode, keypad mode
- Compare to Kaplow?
[Yaeger98]
(*)
Yaeger, Larry S., Webb, Brandyn, J. and Lyon, Richard F.
"Combining Neural Networks and Context-Driven Search for On-Line, Printed Handwriting Recognition in the Newton",
Preprint from AAAI "AI" Magazine, Spring 1998. Available at www.beanblossom.in.us/larryy/ANHR.html
-
Newton "hand-printing" (versus the "cursive") recognition: character classifiers, integrated multiple representations, normalized output error, negative traigning, stroke warping (elastic matching?), frequency balancing, error emphasis, quantized weights
- Mentions extension to cursive as a "challenge" -- which implies that it didn't work?
[Yaeger98a]
(*)
Yaeger, Larry S.
"Neural networks provide robust character recognition for Newton PDAs",
IEEE Expert, 1998(?)
-
Copy on file does not give date: also available at http://www.beanblossom.in.us/larryy/ANHR.IEEEExpert.html
- Mentions use of dictionaries, special contructs for dates, time, phone numbers, and ability to write words that are outside the dictionaries: general use of context information
- Separate references look like patents were pending on several of these features
- Frequency balancing/weighting in ANN / Adaptive Neural Networks: under-represented writing styles are a problem, such as a three-stroke "5" variant
[Zeleznik96]
.
Zeleznik, Robert C., Herndon, Kenneth P., and Hughes, John F.
"SKETCH: An interface for gestural modeling",
In Computer Graphics Proceedings, Annual Conference Series, ACM SIGGRAPH, page 163-170, August 1996
Main Reference Page
