This compilation and all annotations are copyright © Jean Renard Ward, 1996, 1999, 2002, 2005, 2006
Copyright © Fri Sep 19 13:33:14 EDT 2008
Contact: jrward@alum.mit.edu

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• [ActaPsychologica83] (*a) Acta Psychologica "Special issue on motor aspects of handwriting", Vol 54, 1983.

• [Agui81] () Agui, T., Matsubara, K., and Nakajima, M. "Sequential Computer Processing of a Collection of Closed Curves and Its Application to Pattern Recognition", Transactions of the IECE of Japan, Vol E64, No 10, October 1981, pp 661-666 (abstract only).

  • Chain-code transformation, for matching similar curves

• [Amin82] (*a) Amin, Adnan, and Masini, Gerald "Machine recognition of cursive Arabic words", SPIE Vol 359, Applications of Digital Image Processing IV, 1982, pp 286-292.

  • Dictionary lookup for word-by-word handwriting recognition of Arabic
  • Segmentation: some Arabic letters are discontinuous, so Arabic words are 1 to 7 strokes (not counting dots?)
  • Handwriting spelling dictionary look up by number of strokes, number of dots, number of intersections in Arabic
  • Cited in FoleyJD82
  • Input model: precursor to PHIGS and CGI, postcursor to SIGGRAPH CORE?

• [ANSI81] () ANSI "ANSI X3H31 Status Report on the H31 Strawman Proposal on Input Functionality", Document X3H31/31-11R1, April 20, 1981.

• [Anson82] (*) Anson, E. "The Device Model of Interaction", Computer Graphics, Vol 16 No 3, July 1982, pp 107-114.

  • Critique of CORE graphics standard, need for composite devices. Compare with proposal by Pencept for handwriting recognition input to PHIGS standard. Model supports multiple (simulated) devices, two-handed input, contrasted with ping-pong input of one device at a time.
  • Refers to user-interface of simulating a virtual soft keyboard /function buttons on a tablet

• [Applicon83] . Applicon "IAGL User's Guide", Applicon Incorporated, Burlington, Massachusetts, June 1983

  • cited in RubinSM84: Ledeen recognizer?

• [Arakawa83] (*p) Arakawa, K. "On-line recognition of hand-written characters -- Alphanumeric, hiragana, katakana, kanji", Recognition, Vol 16 No 1, pp 9-16, 1983. Published earlier as (Arakawa78)

  • Fourier coefficients of strokes as feature points
  • For Roman alphabet, 29 single-stroke and 7 two-stroke character shapes
  • For Hiragana alphabet, 10 single-stroke and 18 two-stroke character shapes, 13 3-stroke, 5 4-stroke

• [Badie82] (*p) Badie, K. and Shimura, M. "Machine Recognition of Roman Cursive Scripts", Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, pp 28-30, 1982.

  • Refers to similarity/variability of loop and arc in script handwriting
  • Script recognition using clock-wise vs counter-clockwise loops and arcs
  • Refers to corner(cusp)/loop transition in script writing

• [Bahl81] (*p) Bahl, L.R. and Cocke, J. "Font-Independent Character Recognition by Cryptanalysis", IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, Vol 24 No 3, August 1981, pp. 1588-1589.

  • Cites Baum-Petree algorithm for decoding
  • Font- and language-independent recognition by doing cryptanalysis on whatever categories and arbitrary recognition comes up with?

• [Bahl83] (*p) Bahl, L.R., Jelinek, F., and Mercer, R.L. "A Maximum Likelihood Approach to Continuous Speech Recognition", IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol PAMI-5 No 2, March 1983, pp 179-190.

  • Realistic testing: artificial tasks vs natural tasks (for a priori grammar for speech)
  • Speech: acoustic/phonetic encoding vs communication theory model

• [BarachDR81] (*) Barach, David R, Taenzer, David H, Wells, Robert E. "Design of the PEN Video Editor Display Module", ACM conference proceedings: ACM 0-89791 050 -8/81/0600/0130

  • Video text editor to emulate different computer keyboard terminals, with separation of data and display modules: does not involve pointing/pen or character recognitioninput
  • (Copy provided by Gary Odom)

• [BarkerPG82] () Barker, P.G. "Data base interaction using a hand print terminal", International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol 17, 1982, pp 435-458.

  • DCR devices allows several novel kinds of user interactions / interfaces
  • Says needs much higher resolution digitizer touch-pad than is available

• [Biswas81] (*p) Biswas, Prasenjit and Majumdar, Arun K. "A Multistage Fuzzy Classifier for Recognition of Handprinted Characters", IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol SMC-11 No 12, December, 1981, pp 834-838.

  • Test results on 12 of the 35 Devanagari alphabet handwritten characters (all work done by hand: did not have a real computer?)
  • Fuzzy set classifier for Devanagari (Indian) handwriting recognition
  • Data collection: tested on the 70% "satisfactory" sample writing sheets: bias in sample? points out subjectiveness of training?
  • (pairwise comparison?) syntactic method only applied to handwritten characters which were confusable

• [Blesser83] (*) Blesser, B. "Multistage Digital Filtering Utilizing Several Criteria", United States Patent 4,375,081, February 22, 1983

  • Low-pass digital filter for a tablet to pre-process handwritten character to eliminate wobble/digitization noise before recognition

• [Bozinovic82] (*) Bozinovic, Radmilo and Srihari, Sargur N. "A string correction algorithm for cursive script recognition", IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol 4, November 1982, pp 655-663.

  • Handwriting cursive script recognition using channel model of dictionary: allows for splitting, merging, and substitution (segment parsing errors)
  • Cited in Bozinovic89: for context: probabilistic spelling corrector based on a distance metric for strings

• [Brody83] (*p) Brody, Herb "Machines that Read Move Up a Grad", Hight Technology, Feb 1983, pp 35-ff.

  • Review of commercial OCR products and applications (document sorting), including Kurzweil,

• [BrownF83] (*) Brown, Frances "The acquisition of handwriting in the UK", Oral presentation at the Criminalistic Institute in Prague, 1983. Written form available at http://www.bham.ac.uk/english/bibliography/handwritng/new_web_pages/acquisition.htm

  • Report on handwriting styles taught and learned in the U.K.
  • Points out that there is no single style of handwriting taught in copybooks in the U.K., unlike some other countries.
  • Advisor, Tom Davis, comments on the diversity of writing styles in signature verification and the detection of forgeries

• [BrownMK83] () Brown, M.K. and Ganapathy, S. "Preprocessing Techniques for Cursive Script Word Recognition", Pattern Recognition, Vol 16 No 5, pp 447-458, 1983.

  • Much DCR/CSR research is commercial/proprietary, therefore not published
  • DCR picking up as result of human factors in Man/Machine interface
  • Wants writer (author) independent recognition
  • Correct for real-world errors in input data collection

• [BrownRM83] () Brown, Robert M., and Cheng, C.F. "Optical Character Recognition for Automated Cartography: The Advanced Development Handprinted Symbol Recognition System", Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity, NSTL Station, Mississippi, Report No NORDA-TN-187, March 1983.

  • NTIS citation index

• [Buckle81] (*) Buckle, Derek and Strand, Timothy D. "Processing of Information", United States Patent 4,262,281, assigned to Quest Automation Limited, Dorset, England, April 14, 1981.

  • Quest Automation / Datapad product patent on handwriting recognition
  • Claims on alignment/registration of paper on digitizer tablet by marking on pre-printed alignment targets
  • Pressure-sensitive tablet with floating hand rest to keep hand from pressing on tablet
  • See also Micropad

• [Burr81] (*p) Burr, D.J. "Elastic matching of line drawings", IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol PAMI-3, March, 1981, pp 708-713.

  • Handwritten sketch/character input recognition: refers to IEEE handwriting data base collection 1.2.4: (24x36 binary OCR)
  • Like Greenberg77, throws out handwriting samples from IEEE Database 1.2.4 as "poorly written"

• [Burr83] (*) Burr, D.J. "Designing a Hand-writing Reader", IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol PAMI-5 No 5, pp 554-559, September 1983.

  • Context by matching grouped letters into words using Unix "spell"
  • separate "training dictionary" for each user: single-stroke characters, discrete characters

• [Buxton82] (*p) Buxton, William "An Informal Study of Selection Positioning Tasks", Graphics Interface '82, pp 323-ff.

  • trainable, short-hand single-stroke symbols for graphical shapes, graphics editing: Unistroke, terminated by pen lift at the end

• [Buxton83] (*) Buxton, William, Fiune, Eugene, Hill, Ralph, Lee, Alison, and Woo, Carson "Continuous hand-gesture driven input", Proceedings of Graphics Interface 83, page 191-195, 1983.

  • Cited in Rhyne86
  • Digitizer stylus must be held vertical to get good results

• [Buxton83a] (*p) Buxton, William "Lexical and Pragmatic Considerations of Input Structures", Computer Graphics, January 1983, pp 31-ff.

• [Buxton83b] (*p) Buxton, William "Towards a Comprehensive User Interface Management System", Computer Graphics, Vol 17, No 3, July 1983

• [CalComp83] () CalComp "CalComp 2000 Series Digitizer Operator's Manual", 50218-1, page 15, CalComp Incorporated, January 1983.

• [Carau81] (*) Carau, F., Hetzel, H. and Tremblay, M. "Travelling Wave Digitizer", United States Patent 4,255,617, assigned to Hewlett-Packard Co, Palo Alto, California.

  • Digitizer measuring X and Y sequentially in time. Mentions velocity correction for bowing of diagonal lines, corrections for non-orthogonality, course and fine measurements in two stages.

• [Carey83] () Carey, Tom "User Differences in Interface Design", IEEE Computer, November 1982, pp 14-ff

• [Carroll82] () Carroll, John M. "The Adventure of Getting to Know a Computer", IEEE Computer, November 1982

• [Casey82] () Casey, R.G. and Nagy, G. "Recursive Segmentation and Classification of Composite Character Patterns", Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Munich, Germany, October 1982, pp 1023-1026.

  • Combine character segmentation with classification in adaptive decision tree
  • Optical resolution good enough for recognition may be too low to segment characters
  • (like cursive/connected vs discrete characters segmentation): some touching characters in OCR can only be segmented by recognizing component characters

• [Casey83] (*p) Casey, R.G. and Nagy, G. "Decision Tree Design Using a Probabilistic Model", IEEE Trans. on Information Theory, Vol IT-30, No 1, January 1984, pp 93..99.

• [Casio83] (*) Casio "Module NO. 648 Wrist-watch Controller", Casio

  • User manual for Casio wristwatch: may be the model with touchscreen input and handwriting, but manual only describes small keyboard input

• [ComputerGW82] () Computer Graphics World "Digitizer Survey", Computer Graphics World, July 1982, pp 66-69.

  • Vendor survey in 1982 for digitizing tablets, video scanner digitizers.

• [ConklinD83] (*) Conklin, Dick "PC Graphics (excerpt)", Wiley IBM PC serices, ISBM 0-471-89207-6

  • Early reference to digitizing tablets with IBM PC: rotational transformation, digitizer resolution much higher than display: typical resolution of tablet 2048 points (sic)

• [Cooper81] () Cooper, Leon N., and Elbaum, Charles "Information Processing System using Threshhold Passive Modification", United States Patent 4,254,474, March 3, 1981, assigned to Nestor Associates, Stonington, Connecticut.

  • Nestor Graphics patent

• [Cooper82a] () Cooper, Leon N. and Elbaum, Charles "Curve Follower", United States Patent 4,319,331, March 9, 1982, assigned to Nestor Graphics, Providence, Rhode Island.

  • Nestor Graphics patent
  • Curve follower to turn OCR data into DCR character data

• [Cooper82] (*p) Cooper, Leon N., Elbaum, Charles, and Reilly, Douglas L. "Self Organizing General Pattern Class Separator and Identifier", United States Patent 4,326,259, April 20, 1982, assigned to Nestor Graphics, Providence, Rhode Island., also European Patent Application 81300559.2

  • Nestor Graphics patent

• [Cordella83] () Cordella, L.P. and Sanniti di Baja, G. "Structural description of silhouettes", Proceedings of the 3rd Scandinavian Conference on Image Analysis, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1983, pp 73-78.

  • Cited in Arcelli85: about line-thinning and reconstruction

• [Cox82] () Cox, C.H. III, Coueignoux, P., Blesser, B., and Eden, M. "Skeletons: A Link Between Theoretical and Physical Letter Descriptions", Pattern Recognition, Vol 15 No 1, PP 11-22, 1982.

  • Barry's group: functional attribute (cognitive) vs synthetic (generative)
  • Deal with embellishments separates from base pattern (in OCR)

• [Crane82] () Crane, H.D. and Wolf, D.E. "Dynamic Creation of Signatures", United States Patent 4,344,135, August 10, 1982, assigned to Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, California.

  • Hew Crane: amendment to Crane79: patent 4,156,911 (?)
  • Human-reading for signature verification

• [Crane83] () Crane, H.D. and Ostrem, J.S. "Automatic Signature Verification Using a Three-Axis Force-Sensitive Pen", IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol SMC-13 No 3, May 1983, pp 329-337.

  • Writing pen with obstructed view

• [CTS81] () CTS Recognition "Telepad product information", 13-14 Golden Square, London W1R 3AG, England, 1981.

  • Early Micropad-like British handwriting recognition product.

• [Dooijes83] () Dooijes, E.H. "Analysis of Handwriting Movements", Acta Psychologica, Vol 54, 1983, pp 99-114.

• [DosterW83a] () Doster, W. and Oed, R. "Zur Bildanalyse bei der Handschriftlichen Direkteingabe", Proceedings of Mustererkennung 1983, October 11-13, 1983, Karlsruhe, West Germany.

  • Best description of AEG's segmentation/parsing algorithm for handwritten characters
  • Blithely claims that rasterization of dynamic on-line character data would reduce this with OCR to the same problem (but the OCR segmentation problem is harder!)

• [DosterW83b] () Doster, W. and Schuermann, J. "A Step Towards Intelligent Document Input to Computers", Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, June 19-23, 1983, Washington, D.C., pp 515-516.

  • Scan in documents with OCR, use on-line handwriting recognition user-interface to edit them

• [Dunn81a] () Dunn, K. "Choose Digitizer Technology and Features to Suit Applications", Computer Technology Review, Fall/Winter 1981, pp 171-175.

  • Many limiting characteristics of digitizers (width of pencil line, etc.)
  • List of what can be spec'ed for a digitizer (but not the trade-offs)

• [Dunn81b] () Dunn, K. "Understanding digitizer resolution and accuracy", Mini-Micro Systems, December 1981.

  • Differential linearity error is a digitizer's worst enemy
  • Clumping and streatching of digitizer co-ordinates for X-vs-X non-linearity
  • Digitizer accuracy vs digitizer stability
  • General review of digitizer characteristics and proper specifications

• [Elliot82] () Elliott, B.J. "Apparatus for Determining Pen Acceleration", United States Patent 4,345,239, August 17, 1982, assigned to International Business Machines, Armonk, New York.

  • Capacitive sensor for measuring pen/stylus acceleration for signature verification

• [Embley81] (*) Embley, D.W. and Nagy, G. "Behavioral Aspects of Text Editors", A.C.M. Computing Surveys, Vol 13 No 1, March 1981, pp 33-70.

  • Cites gaps in human factors/engineering and cognitive psychology literature re text editing user-interface; human factors of using digitizing tablets for text editing
  • Cites "taste for federal funding" as reason some human factors studies have skipped various interests: research selection bias
  • Users frequently will not use mouse in text editing: (we say "3-handed monkey" effect): three-handed monkey
  • Tablet: pointing with light pen fatigueing, and not accurate enough

• [EvansKB81] (*) Evan, Kenneth B; Tanner, Peter P; and Wein, Marceli "Tablet-based Valuators that Provide One, Two, or Three Degrees of Freedom", Computer Graphics, Volum 15 Number 3, August 1981, pp. 91..97

  • Digitizer tablet simulation of virtual input devices: turntable, multiple number wheels, three-axis trackball

• [Fairhurst82a] () Fairhurst, M.C. "Image Characteristics as Assessment Criteria for an Electronic Writing Aid", Proceedings of International Conference on Man-Machine Systems, July 1982, pp 191-195.

  • Claims better test results for machine recognition than for human reader (!)

• [Fairhurst82b] () Fairhurst, M.C, and Maia, M.M. "An Approach to Machine Reading of Text with a Memory-based Character Recognition System", Colloquium Proceedings "Coding of Documentary Information", University of Kent, Canterbury, England, May 1-2, 1982.

  • Discusses pairwise discriminators to reduce memory requirements for OCR of typed text: Similar to Pencept?

• [Filipski81] () Filipski, Alan J. "Critical-point Representation of Hand-printed Numerals", Proceedings of International Conference on Cybernetics and Society, IEEE 0360/8913/81/0000-0198, 26-28 October, 1981, Atlanta, Georgia, pp 198-202.

  • 96% correct on handprinted OCR recognition: skeletonizing, "critical point" strokes with initial and final slope features for 18 types of stroke segments.
  • Admits to and spells out several weaknesses: 4 vs 9, patching OCR skeletonization breaks
  • Handwritten OCR recognition: simple template matching works well if feature extraction is good
  • Critical points for features and segmentation in OCR handwriting: points of high curvature, then Freeman chain codes
  • Refers to Knoll Database of hand-printed numerals, 21x25 binary grid, IEEE Pattern recognition data base 1.2.2)

• [FoleyJD81] () Foley, J.D., Wallace, V. and Chan, P. "The Human Factors of Interaction Techniques", George Washington University, Institute for Information Science and Technology Technical Report GWU-IIST-81-03, Washington, D.C., 1981.

  • Precursor to FoleyJD84

• [FoleyJD82] () Foley, J.D. and VanDam, A. "Fundamentals of Interactive Computer Graphics", Addison-Wesly, Reading, Massachusetts, 1982.

  • Three-point calibration, general graphics reference
  • Comparison of tablet and mouse "locator" devices, absolute position versus relative motion.

• [Freyd83] () Freyd, J.J. "Representing the dynamics of a static form", Memory and Cognition, Vol 11, 1983, pp 342-346.

  • Tappert's bibliography

• [Fu81] () Fu, K.S. "A survey on image segmentation", Pattern Recognition, Vol 13, 1981, pp 3-16.

  • Fu86/Fu83

• [Fukushima83] () Fukushima, K., Miyake, S., and Ito, T. "Numeral Character Recognition by the Algorithm of the Neocognitron", Transactions of the Institute of Electronic and Communications Engineers of Japan, Vol J66D No 2, February 1983, pp 206-213.

  • NTIS index: neural network for handwritten numerals recognition, using a scanner: learning-with-a-teacher better than learning-without-a-teacher (training set makes a difference, but what?)

• [Furuta82] (*) Furuta, Richard, Scofield, Jeffery and Shaw, Alan "Document Formatting Systems: Survey, Concepts, and Issues", Computing Surveys, Vol 14, No 3, September 1982, pp 417-ff.

  • Very little treatment of UI issues or pointing devices: primarily deals with keyboard commands and display of monofont text

• [Gander83] (partial) Gander, Stephen Joseph "A proposed method of handwriting recognition", S.B.E.E. Thesis, M.I.T., 1983.

• [Gehani82] () Gehahi, N. "The Potential of Forms in Office Automation", IEEE Transactions on Communication, Vol 30 No 1, January 1982.

  • Gives many reasons for using forms as fundamental office automation model
  • (taken from Hekmatpour86)
  • Use of forms eases transition from manual to office automation

• [Geyer81] () Geyer, L.H., and Gupta, S.M. "Recognition/confusion of dot matrix vs conventional font capital letters", Perception and Psychophysics, Vol 29, 1981, pp 280-282.

  • Cited in Suen86
  • Suen86 cites this on what matrix resolution needed for OCR on hand-print

• [Glickman82] () Glickman, David, Greanias, Evon C., Repass, James T., and Rosenbaum Walter S. "Stem Processing for Data Reduction in a Dictionary Storage File", United States Patent 4,342,085, assigned to International Business Machines Corporation, Armonk, New York, July 27, 1982.

  • Stem processing for data reduction in dictionary storage file storing word list file with prefix and suffix truncated so that only unique root element remains

• [Goodale83] () Goodale, T.S., Goyal, S., and Litvin, Y. "Designing a Text Editor with Graphic and Handwritten Input", Report TR 83-401.1, GTE Laboratories Incorporated, 40 Sylvan Road, Waltham, Massachusetts 02254, November 1983 (partial copy).

  • Cited in Litvin89
  • Gesture recognition for a text editor? Handwritten text input?
  • Gesture-based user interface with handwriting recognition for editing text with electronic ink: first reference for prior art?
  • Early reference to visual parallax on electronic ink with integrated tablet/display.

• [Gould83] () Gould, J., Conti, J., Tovanyecz, T. "Composing Letters with a Simulated Listening Typewriter", Communications of the A.C.M., pp 295-308, Vol 26 No 4, April 1983.

  • Simulation of "perfect" speech recognition, showing that there is indeed a user-interface problem in addition

• [Greanias82] (*) Greanias, Evon C. and Yhap, Ernesto F. "Chinese/Kanji On-line Recognition System", United States Patent 4,365,235, December 21, 1982, assigned to International Business Machines Corporation, Armonk, New York.

  • Chinese recognition by recognizing component strokes/radicals
  • Refers to "spelling" of Chinese/Kanji: order strokes/radicals are written in
  • States that strokes are classified into 42 categories for segmentation, and that Chinese/Kanji characters are made up of only 72 basic symbol elements/alphabet
  • Cites problem with sonic/acoustic digitizers: sensing point offset from writing point
  • If Kanji/Chinese character is not recognized, user can add it to the prototype set for recognition on the fly

• [Greer83] () Greer, K.L., and Green, D.W. "Context and Motor Control in Handwriting", Acta Psychologica, Vol 54, 1983, pp 205-215.

  • Digitizer specifies +-.015" on 0.001 resolution, but also +-.01 accuracy

• [GTCO82] () GTCO "Digi-Pad 5 Family Data Sheet", DP5-L104-0782, GTCO Corporation, Rockville, Maryland, 1982.

• [Gu83] () Gu, Y.X., Wang., Q.R., and Suen, C.Y. "Application of a Multilayer Decision Tree in Computer Recognition of Chinese Characters", IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol PAMI-5 No 1, January 1983, pp 83-89.

  • Features for Chinese character recognition are Walsh coefficients, projected onto X and Y axes: character alignment (normalization), 99.5% accuracy on 3000 characters
  • OCR on Chinese/Kanji characters
  • Using a binary decision tree for pattern recognition of a large number of classes (Chinese characters OCR)
  • Performance: noisy characters only: clean characters do not occur in real life

• [Haber81] () Haber, R.N. and Haber, L.R. "Visual components of the reading process", Visible Language, Vol XV No 2, 1981, pp 147-181.

  • Cited in Bozinvic89
  • Bozinovic cites for human recognition by outline of word (as shown in WrightG52)

• [Hagita83] () Hagita, N., Naito, S. and Masuda, I. "Handprinted Chinese Characters Recognition by Peripheral Direction Contributivity Feature", Transactions of IECE of Japan, Vol J66D No 10, October, 1973, pp 1185-1192 (in Japanese: abstract only)

  • OCR for Chinese using features of stroke structure, complexity, direction, connective relation, and relative location for 95.4% of block-style handprinted data

• [Hanaki81a] () Hanaki, S. and Yamazaki, T. "On-line recognition of handprinted Kanji characters", Pattern Recognition, Vol 12, 1980, pp 421-429.

  • Tappert's bibliography -- Chinese recognition

• [Hanaki81b] () Hanaki, S., Temma, T., Yoshida, H., Arakawa, T., Suziki, M., Seki, T., and Kikuchi, Y. "Online Realtime Character Recognition System", Transactions of IECE of Japan, Vol E64 No 5, p 374, May 1981 (Abstract only).

  • Science Citation Index
  • Handprinted recognition: feature is break into piecewise segments, compare with decision tree: 32 handwriting terminals on one computer (cluster)

• [Hemenway82] () Hemenway, K. "Psychological Issues in the Use of Icons in Command Menus", Proc. Human Factors in Computer Systems Conference, Washington, D.C., A.C.M., March 1982, pp 20-24.

  • Cited in FoleyJD84

• [Hollerbach81] () Hollerbach, J.M. "An Oscillation Theory of Handwriting", Biological Cybernetics, Springer-Verlag, Vol 39, 1981, pp 139-156.

  • (see also Hollerbach78)
  • Unclear fancier curve fitting to handwriting models gives any more insight
  • Maximum writing speed/velocity is 25 mm/sec
  • Acceleration peaks in handwriting not just a tablet/pen artifact
  • Variation in slant in handwriting (vertical) is about 10 degrees
  • Cusp/loop: substitution of clockwise vs counter-clockwise motion in handwriting
  • Variability of corner shapes for single writer
  • Says reduction in concentration on handwriting needed to think and write at same time

• [Hopfield83] () Hopfield, et al "Unlearning Has a Stabilizing Effect in Collective Memories", Nature, Vol 304 pp 158-159, 1983.

  • Cited in Faggin89

• [Hosaka81] () Hosaka, M. and Kimura, F. "Use of handwriting action in construction of models", in Scientific Information Systems in Japan, H. Inose, editor, 1981, pp 83-90.

  • Tappert's bibliography

• [Hosaka82] () Hosaka, M. and Kimura, F. "Using Handwriting Action to Construct Models of Engineering Objects", Computer, Vol 15 No 11, November 1872, pp 35-47.

  • User interface (fill in charts) for handwriting recognition input of engineering drawings (mechanical drafting, maps, NC control drawings)
  • Features are passage through 3x3 template grid, then chord lengths and directions (cusp, stroke, rotation, straight): cusps turn into small loops, vice versa is a source of error

• [Howbrook83] () Howbrook, E. "Apparatus and Methods for Recognizing Handwritten Signs", United States Patent 4,369,431, January 18, 1983, assigned to National Research Development Corporation, London, England.

  • Signature recognition using first twelve initial segments, segmenting by zero velocity in Y
  • Notes that a frequency cut-off of 20Hz is o.k. for signature signal

• [Hsu82] () Hsu, W.S., Takahashi, K., Ozawa, S., and Fujita, H. "Ordered stroke extraction method for printed Chinese character recognition", Transactions of IECE of Japan, Vol E65 No 2, February 1982, p. 140.

  • NTIS abstract: fix skeletonization/line-thinning breakdown at intersections by simulating writing motion in OCR

• [Huber83] (*) Humber, William A. "Interactive Map Information Exchange System", United States Patent, 4,420,682, December 13, 1983

  • Optical scanner which read digital co-ordinates from a map, using co-ordinates in magnetic ink, but also describes optical scanning

• [Huh82] () Huh, Y.K. and Beus, H.L. "On-line recognition of hand-printed Korean characters", Pattern Recognition, Vol 15, 1982, pp 445-453.

  • Tappert's bibliography

• [Hull82a] () Hull, Jonathan J. and Srihari, S.N. "Experiments in text recognition with binary n-gram and viterbi algorithms", IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol PAMI-4, 1982, pp 520-530.

  • Viterbi and binary n-gram for context in optical character recognition: most efficient implementation: Viterbi algorithm is based on probabilities of confusion of pairs of characters

• [Hull82b] () Hull, Jonathan J. and Srihari, S.N. "Comparison of two contextual post-processing algorithms for text recognition", Proceedings of 1982 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Processing, 1982, pp 146-151 (abstract only).

  • NTIS abstract: looks very similar to Hull82a

• [Hull83a] () Hull, Jonathan J. and Srihari, S.N. "A computational approach to word shape recognition: Hypothesis generation and testing", Proceedings of IEEE-CS Conference on Computer Vision Pattern Recognition, June 1983, pp 156-161.

  • Cited in Bozinovic89

• [Hull83b] () Hull, Jonathan J., Srihari, S.N., and Choudhari, R. "An integrated algorithm for text recognition: comparison with a cascaded algorithm", IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol PAMI-5, 1983, pp 384-395.

  • Letter substitution errors on text recognition corrected by various means of context: combining bottom-up and top-down (syntactic and semantic) context works better than separately
  • Context for spelling correction: goodness measure extended to probability that it is a corrupted form of another letter
  • Context for spelling correction: letter probabilities: digrams/pairs and trigrams (bottom/up context) (may involve a false assumption about input language)
  • Context for spelling correction: dictionary lookup (lexicon for top/down context)
  • Many sources for spelling errors: typographical in original text, keying/writing errors, character recognition error

• [Hulls83] () Hulls, L. Robin "On-Board Intelligence Increases Accuracy of Plotters and Digitizers", Computer Technology Review, Summer 1983, pp 129-133.

  • Numonics article on digitizers and stepper-motor plotters
  • Digitizers: no point being more accurate than the application needs
  • Digitizers: accuracy may be affected by pen angle/tilt
  • Digitizers: two-phase coarse/fine position determination using two characteristics

• [IBM81a] (*) IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin "Improved Parameter Set for Adaptive Symbol Recognition", IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, June 1981, pp 769-771.

  • Copy on file does not give name of author: since it mentions "elastic matching", most likely it is C.A. Tappert
  • Use offset of character from its center of gravity as a substitute for the writing baseline
  • Add horizontal positions of strokes to each other as an additional factor in recognition: compater with Functional Attributes of Shillman/Blesser (example is "A" and three-stroke "asterisk")
  • Also filed under Tappert and under Karnaugh

• [IBM81b] () IBM "Liquid Crystal Display and Touch Panel Keyboard Input", IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, September 1981, pp 1888-1890

  • Cited in More93

• [IEEE83a] (*) IEEE CG&A " IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, April 1983

  • Product brief on AutoCAD: light-pen, or Sun-Flex touch pen (touchscreen digitizer)

• [Ikeda81] () Ikeda, K. et al "On-line Recognition of Hand-Written Characters Utilizing Positional and Stroke Vector Sequences", Pattern Recognition, Vol 13 No 3, pp 191-206, 1981.

  • Discrimination of similar characters: boundary recognition
  • Uses different methods for characters of different number of strokes

• [ImageData82] () Image Data Products "Image Data Tablet System product information", Bristol, England, 1982.

• [Inforite82] () Cadre Systems Limited "Inforite Hand Character Recognition Terminal product information", Cadre Systems Limited, 1 Wilkinson Road, Cirencester, Glos., GL7 1YT, England.

  • Early British handwriting recognition product: single line display, paper forms (shop invoices) fit into device, shown at Comdex 1982
  • Note: Inforite used as product name by other companies

• [Ishii83] () Ishii, K. "Generation of Distorted Characters and Its Applications", Denshi Tsushin Gakkai Ronbunshi, Vol 66-D No 11, November 1983, pp 1270-1277 (in Japanese), translated in Systems, Computers and Controls, Vol 14 No 6, 1983, pp 19-27.

  • Cites problem of needing very large training samples to get all variations
  • Claims "only samples of low quality can improve dictionary" (training) (vs. ambiguous?)
  • Claims "recognition rate tells you nothing about how performance goes down with quality of characters"
  • Shows artificial forms used in Japanese JIS hand-print standard
  • Not enough to read good characters, but how well does it do on bad ones?
  • Claims 98.5% recognition rate
  • Use artificial variability instead of real handwritten data (!)

• [Jain82] () Jain, R. and Haynes, S. "Imprecision in Computer Vision", Computer, Vol 15 No 8, August 1982, pp 39-48.

  • Goodale83

• [JohnsonEO81] () Johnson, E.O. and Tosima, S. "Visual-Perception-Related Effects in Chinese-Japanese Written Characters", RCA Review, Vol 40, March 1981, pp 60-ff.

  • Partial copy only
  • Human recognition features: visual groups of strokes in Chinese/Japanese characters consist of sub-groups of strokes, usually about four: visual group count corresponds to letter count in Western languages

• [Kabbash83] . Kabash, P., Mackenzie, I.S., and buston, W. "Human Performance Using Computer Input Devices in the Preferred and Non-Preferred Hands", Proceedings of the ACM INTERCHI, pp 474-481

  • Cited in Wanderley00

• [Kaleyeh83] () Kaleyeh, J.M. and Landgrebe, D.A. "Predicting the Required Number of Training Samples", IEEE Transactions on Pat. Anal. and Mach. International, November 1983, pp 664-667.

  • Cited in Meisel85

• [Kamran83] () Kamram, A. and Feldman, M.B. "Graphics Programming Independent of Interaction Techniques and Styles", Computer Graphics, Vol 17 No 1, January 1983, pp 58-66.

  • Describes GMU's Information Display Systems project (see Foley)
  • Critique of CORE (and GKS) input device model, lack of extensibility

• [Karnaugh81] (*) Karnaugh, M., Kurtzberg, J.M., and Tappert, C.C. "Improved Parameter Set for Adaptive Symbol Recognition", IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, Vol. 24, No. 1B, pp. 769-771, 1981

  • Cited by Marlin Eller, Microsoft Pen Computing group. 2006 available at www.prioartdatabase.com / ip.com

• [Kato82] () Kato, O., Iwase, H., Yoshida, M., and Tanahashi, J. "Interactive Handdrawn Diagram Input System", Proceedings of IEEE Computer Society Conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Processing, 14-17 June, 1982, Las Vegas, Nevada, pp544-549.

  • Interactive user-interface for handwriting recognition, sketching and sketching, using angle variation and stroke type (straight line, angled line, ellipse, circle, arc) for features
  • Contains user interface for text entry to pretty up character spacing and alignment, fixing sketches (without recognition)

• [KimJ83] () Kim, J. "Baseline Drift Correction of Handwritten Text", IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, Vol 25 No 10, March 1983, pp 5111-5114.

  • See also Tappert papers
  • Correct cursive script for baseline drift

• [KimS81] () Kim, S. "Inversions - a catalog of calligraphic cartwheels", BYTE Books, Peterborough, New Hampshire, 1981.

  • Very large catalog of reversible and ambiguous text to show variability of human recognition and perception
  • Has informal but very interesting bibliography on variability of human recognition

• [Kirsch82] (*) Kirsch, Steven T. "Electro-Optical Mouse", United States Patent 4,364,035

  • Optical mouse of s surface having passive, position-related marks in a patter of two colors / Sekendur?

• [Kirsch83] (*) Kirsch, Steven T. "Electronic Mouse", United States Patent 4,390,873, June 28, 1983

  • Optical mouse using checkerboard square pattern on the mouse-pad / tablet: Sekendur?

• [Knox82] () Knox, Keith T. "Image Processing Method and Apparatus Having a Digitial Airbrush for Touch Up", United States Patent 4,345,313, assigned to assigned to Xerox Corporation, Stamford, Connecticut, August 17, 1982.

  • For brush-type user-interface in graphics drawing

• [Krouse83] () Krouse, John K. "Selecting a Graphic-Input Device for Cad/Cam", Machine Design, October 6, 1983, pp 74-80.

  • Voice/speech/tablet/mouse/joystick input overview, 1983

• [Krumme82] () Krumme, D.W., and Ackley, D.H. "A Practical Method for Code Generation Based on Exhaustive Search", Proceedings of SIGPLAN '82 Symposium on Compiler Construction, A.C.M. SIGPLAN Notices, Vol 17 No 6, June 1982.

  • Fortran compilers beat the heck out of "C" compilers for code efficiency

• [Kruskal83] () Kruskal, Joseph B. "An Overview of Sequence Comparison: Time Warps, String Edits, and Macromolecules", SIAM Review, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Vol 25 No 2, April 1983, pp 201-237.

  • Distance metric for differences in linear strings: Levenshtein distance: mutations in chromosones, UNIX "diff" files, string matching, minimal mutation distance etc.
  • Clustering /boundary definition using relative difference (dyadic), not absolute position (monadic)
  • Levenshtein distance easier to use than probabilistic/statistical estimate of how much change would be required
  • Common sense: if your pattern recognition algorithm works better, it is better
  • Describes boundary comparison using monadic variables/features (absolute value) vs dyadic (relative comparison only)
  • Different approaches for dyadic comparison: common sense, adapt monadic variables, and Levenshtein relative distance

• [Kuklinski82] (*p) Kuklinski, T. and G. Babb "Pattern Algorithm Permits Freehand Printed-Data Entry", Computer Technology Review, Winter 1982.

• [Kurtzberg82] (*p) Kurtzberg, J.M. and Tappert, C.C. "Segmentation Procedure for Handwritten Symbols and Words", IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, Vol 25 No 7B, December 1982, pp 3848-3852.

  • Mentions reduction of "dots" as a stroke type
  • Makes disparaging remarks about "boxed" input for discrete recognition
  • Discusses delayed strokes, "t"-crossings for discrete recognition

• [Kuzunuki83] (*) Kuzunuki, Sochiro "Online Handwritten Input Graphic Editing Device (translation)", Japanese patent application JP60-75980, March 1983 (translation)

  • Japanese patent showing segmentation, handwriting, sketch input, drawing extents
  • Cited in Sklarew patents

• [Lai81] () Lai, M.T.Y. and Suen, C.Y. "Automatic recognition of characters by Fourier descriptors and boundary line encodings", Pattern Recognition, Vol 14, 1981, pp 383-393.

  • Cited in Kerrick88, Li89

• [Lambden81] (*) Lambden, Martin R. "Electrographic Apparatus", United States Patent 4,289,925, September 15, 1982

  • Quest Automation MicroPad: pressure-sensitive tablet using flexible membrance under tension, resistive film

• [Landauer83] () Landauer, T.K., Galotti, K.M. and Hartwell, S. "Natural Command Names and Initial Learning: A Study of Text-Editing Terms", Communications of A.C.M., Vol 26, July 1983, pp 495-503.

  • Cited in Rhyne86
  • Rhyne86 cites this that for verbal command names, very poor agreement on informal name subjects give for text editing commands (mnemonicity for gestures?)
  • "naturalness" in user-interface not helpful: for example, better if different names for options with similar semantics, but different syntax
  • Human factors / user-interface: different methods of eliciting preferred command names get different results for same subject -- in particular, naive users make poor choices for command names

• [LeeA83] () Lee, A. and Lochovsky, F.H. "Enhancing the Usability of an Office Information System Through Direct Manipulation", Proceedings of the CHI 1983 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Boston, 1983, pp 130-134.

  • Cited in Kankaanpaa87: for gesture/handwriting user interface

• [LeeB81] () Lee, Bum C., Kim, Jung G. and Yi, Seung, K. "Improvement on Korean Character Recognition by Resolving Ambiguity Problem", Proceedings of International Conference on Cybernetics and Society, IEEE 0360/8913/81/0000-0193, 26-28 October, 1981, Atlanta, Georgia, pp 193-197.

  • Korean recognition: six types of Korean characters (first consonants, second consonants, vertical vowels, horizontal vowels) using syntactic recognition and 8-direction chain codes

• [Lemone82] (*p) Lemone, Karen A. "Similarity Measures Between Strings Extended to Sets of Strings", IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol PAMI-4, No 3, May 1982, pp 345-347

  • substrings of chain-codes

• [Leroux81] (*p) Leroux, J., Miclet, L., Bonnet, A., Delarue, X. and Tormos, S. "Segments Detection in Binary Pictures for the Representation and the Syntactic Recognition of Hand Written Characters", Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, IEEE CH1801-0/82/0000/0692 1981, pp 692-695.

  • Chain code string comparison in OCR for handwriting recognition?

• [Litvin82a] () Litvin, Y. "Segmentation of Handwritten Text by the Analysis of Two-Element Connectors", unpublished manuscript, G.T.E. Research Laboratory, Waltham Massachusetts, 1981.

  • Cited in Litvin82b

• [Litvin82b] (*p) Litvin, Y. "Principles of evaluation for hand-printed and cursive text recognition methods", G.T.E. Technical Note 401.1, April 1982.

  • Mentions retrace removal (page 7)
  • User interface: points out difference between errors understandable to user, and errors not ("qualitative errors")

• [Litvin82c] () Litvin, Y. "Two Implementations of Data Reduction in Graphics Input", unpublished manuscript, December 1982.

  • Goodale83

• [LoomisJ83] (*) Loomis, Jeffrey, Poizner, Howard, Bellugi, Ursula, Blakemore, Alynn, Hollerbach, John "Computer Graphic Modeling of American Sign Language", Computer Graphics, Vol 17 No 3, pp. 105-ff.

  • Uses LED lights and digital cameras as three-dimensional digitizer sensor

• [Loy82] (*) Loy, W.W. and Landau, I.D. "An On-Line Procedure for Recognition of Handprinted Alphanumeric Characters", IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol PAMI-4 No 4, July 1982, pp 422-427.

  • Reduce handwritten characters to a polygon / Freeman chain codes, then compare syntactic feature vector, then statistics on segment lengths
  • Serif/hook removal, preprocessing/smoothing, retrace collapsing on on-line character recognition
  • Handwritten samples "only" constrained to one of 69 writing styles/shapes: 99% and 97%: 20Kbytes memory, 500 Ms on 8086
  • Asserts for on-line recognition that learning new shapes is more important than accuracy / recognition rate

• [Matsuda83] (*p) Matsuda, Ryouchi "Present Status and Future Trends of Japanese Language Information Processing Systems", Proc. of 1983 International Conference on Text Processing with a Large Character Set, Tokyo, Japan, October 17-19, 1983, pp 436-446

  • Survey of problems and technologies for processing Japanese Characters: standardized keyboards, speech recognition, handwriting recognition

• [Mantas83] (*p) Mantas, J. and Heaton, A.G. "Handwritten character recognition by parallel labelling and shape analysis", Pattern Recognition Letters, Vol 1, July 1983, pp 465-468.

  • Refers to problem of encountering a shape system not trained to for adaptive recognition
  • OCR of handwriting recognition using polygonal approximation (chain codes), fuzzy labelling: thinning, tail-removal, fuzzy sets.

• [Marr82] () Marr, D. "Vision: A computational investigation into the human representation and processing of visual information", San Franciso, Freeman Press, 1982.

  • Cited in IchikawaS84

• [Matsukawa83] (*p) Matsukawa, Junko "Naming and recognition of random shapes", Japanese Journal of Psychology, Vol 54 No 1, 1983, pp 62-66 (In Japanese)

  • Humans recognize (recall? identify?) shapes better if the are recognizable as a familiar object

• [Maurer82] (*p) Maurer, H.A., Rozenberg, G., and Welzl, E. "Using String Languages to Describe Picture Languages", Information and Control, Vol 54, 1982, pp 155-185.

  • Chain codes: something similar to BLRTs for describing images
  • Partial copy of paper on file

• [McDermott83] () McDermott, Drew "Contexts and Data Dependencies: A Synthesis", IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol 5, No 3, May 1983, pp 237-246.

  • General paper on information dependencies

• [Meads83] (*p) Meads, Jon A. "Defining the Ergonomic Buzzwords", Proceedings of the 1983 Annual conference of the A.C.M..

  • What is user-friendly? friendly to a beginner may be bad for expert

• [Meguro82] (*a) Meguro, S. and Umeda, M. "Recognition of multi-font Chinese Characters", Trans. Inst. Electronic and Communications Engineers, Japanese Section, Vol E65, No 8, p 513, August 1982

  • Multi-font OCR off-line recognition

• [Micropad82] (*) (no author) "Micropad Product Information", Quest International, American Sales Office for Micropad Inc., LaGrange Illinois

  • handwriting-terminal using a digitizer with two conductive sheets, sheets covered by a hand-rest; single-character character recognition
  • also showed a GUI application picking from a diagram of replacements parts, plus character recognition
  • Press release included, data-entry use in New Scotland Yard: "gets write to the point"; Joe Crivello, National Sales Manager, Illinois

• [Moran81] () Moran, T. "The Command Language Grammar: A Representation for the User Interface of Interactive Computer Systems", International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol 15, 1971, pp 3-50.

  • Cited in FoleyJD82

• [Morasso83] (*p) Morasso, P., Mussa Ivaldi, F.A., and Ruggiero, C. "How a Discontinuous Mechanism can Produce Continuous Patterns in Trajectory Formation and Handwriting", Acta Psychologica, Vol 54, 1983, pp 83-98.

  • Generative variability

• [Mullin81] (*p) Mullin, James K. "Beliable Indexing Using Unreliable Recognition Devices", IEEE Trans on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol PAMI-3, No 3, May 1981, pp 347-350

  • Indexing document automatically with OCR recognition by subsituting likely-confused characters to same pseudo-character , similar to the Soundex system by Davidson for similar-sounding English names

• [Murase83] (*p) Murase, H., Wakahara, T., and Umeda, M. "Online Recognition Algorithm for Hand-Sketched Flowchart by Candidate Lattice Method", Denshi Tsushin Gakkai Ronbunshi, Vol 65-D No 6, June 1983, pp 675-682 (in Japanese), translated in Systems, Computers and Controls, Vol 14 No 3, 1983, pp 37-46.

  • Claims 97.9% recognition rate on 120 samples (small sample size)
  • Refers to segmentation errors in recognizing two-dimensional flowchart symbols
  • Sketch recognition - flowcharts

• [Myers81] () Myers, C.S. and Rabiner, Lawrence R. "Connected digit recognition using a level building DTW algorithm", IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Vol ASSP-29, 1981, pp 351-363.

  • Kruskal83
  • Dynamic time warping

• [Nagura83] (*p) Nagura, Masakazu and Suenaga, Yasuhito "A Facsimile-Based Graphics Editing System by Auxiliary Mark Recognition", IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol PAMI-5 No 4, July 1983, pp 433-441.

  • See also Suenaga80, same paper
  • Handwriting mark recognition, OFF-LINE scanned OCR user interface for graphics editing
  • Mark-up OFF-LINE scanned handwriting recognition user interface for on-line changes to scanned line drawings
  • Has many Japanese citations for OCR of handwritten drawing and character recognition

• [Nagy82] (*p) Nagy, G. "Optical Character Recognition - Theory and Practice", in "Handbook of Statistics", Vol 2, Krishnaiah, P.R. and Kanal, L.N., editors, North-Holland, 1974, pp 621-649.

  • Testing: substitution error rates for OCR in practice two to three orders of magnitude lower than reported in academic literature
  • Optical digitizer resolution of 0.004" sufficient for typed text
  • Human adaptation reasons for some handwriting recognition systems' success
  • Cursive writing not as useful as speech, or discrete writing
  • Most optical scanners for OCR barely have resolution adequate for recognizing ideal characters, much less real ones
  • Optical scanning digitizer characteristics: geometric, photo-metric, control
  • Optical scanning digitizer characteristics: cite for tablet digitizer as comparison
  • Testing: cites work by Chow on statistical relation of substitution vs reject error rate
  • Kahan87 cites this as saying Duda72 binary Bayesian statistical classifier is widely used in OCR
  • Optical digitizer characteristics: no vendor willing to be pinned down on performance

• [Nagy83a] (*p) Nagy, G. "Optical Scanning Digitizers", IEEE Computer, May 1983, pp 13-24.

  • Optical scanning digitizer characteristics: geometric linearity
  • Optical scanning digitizer characteristics: stability/repeatibility
  • Optical scanning digitizer characteristics: cite for tablet digitizer as comparison

• [Nagy83] (*p) Nagy, G. "Candide's Practical Principles of Experimental Pattern Recognition", IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol PAMI-5 No 2, March 1983, pp 199-200.

  • Tongue-in-check list of how researchers fudge pattern recognition statistics/results to bias them in their favor

• [Nakajima81] () Nakajima, K., Kida, H., and Arakawa, H. "Handprinted Character Recognition Techniques on Commercial-Based Facsimile Input", Electrical Communications Laboratories Technical Journal, Vol 30 No 9, 1981, pp 2361-2372 (in Japanese) (abstract only).

  • Handwritten numerals and katakana recognition, coping with facsimile distortions and variability

• [Nakamura83] (*p) Nakamura, Y. "Character Reading Apparatus", United States Patent 4,389,634, June 21, 1983, assigned to Tokyo Shibaura Denki Kabushiki Kaisha, Kawasaki, Japan, and Tokyo Electric Company, Limited, Tokyo, Japan.

  • Hand-held scanner for character recognition

• [NEC82] (*p) NEC: "Terminal that accepts handwriting lets the uninitiated use computer", Electronics Magazine, June 30, 1982, p 76.

  • NEC handwriting terminal product for personal PCs, low-cost

• [NEC83] (*p) NEC "NEC 2100", Electronics Magazine, June 16, 1983, page 32.

  • NEC 2100 kanji and hiragana symbols ...product
  • NEC handwriting terminal product , high-end version of personal PC product

• [Newbower81] (*) Newbower, R.S.; Cooper, J.B.; Edmondson, J.E.; and Maier, W. Reynolds "Graphics-tablet for Data Entry in Computer-assisted Anesthesia Record-keeping", ?? Conference Proceedings, IEEE 0195-4210/81/0000/0139, 1981, pp 139-142.

  • User-interface application: special symbols and markings with handwriting recognition for application involving anesthesia record keeping
  • User-interface: shows forms with combinations of writing, handwriting recognition, drawing, check-off menu areas, etc.

• [Nihei83] (*a) Nihei, Y. "Developmental Change in Covert Principles for the Organization of Strokes in Drawing and Handwriting", Acta Psychologica, Vol 54, 1983, pp 221-232.

  • Change in writing styles as kids grow up

• [NTT81] (*p) NTT "NTT 1900: System reads kanji characters into word processors", Electronics Magazine, June 16, 1981, page 64.

  • NTT 1900 kanji and hiragana symbols product "Aesop" on-line handwriting recognition, Nippon Telephone and Telegraph
  • See also list in CIC folder on NTT

• [NTT82] () NTT: "System edits handwritten copy, finishes sketches", Electronics Magazine, June 30, 1982, pp 73-74.

  • (Date may be wrong) sketch/scribble/gesture input and editing system
  • Mechanical digitizer

• [Numonics82] () Numonics "DigiBit Product Description", Numonics Incorporated, 418 Pierce Street, Lansdale PA 19446, 1982.

• [Odaka81] (*) Odaka, K. "On-line Pattern Recognition System for Hand-written Characters", United States Patent 4,284,975, August 18, 1981, assigned to Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Public Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.

  • NTT character recognition patent
  • Use of "feature points" in character recognition vs octants, etc.

• [Odaka81a] (*p) Odaka, Kazumi, Wakahara, Toru, and Hashimoto, Shin'ichiro "Online Handwritten Character Recognizer - An Application to Japanese Word Processor", EC Vol 81 No 20, pp 33-44 (in Japanese)

• [Odaka82a] (*p) Odaka, K. and Masuda, I. "Pattern Recognition System for Hand-written Characters Operating on an On-Line Real-Time Basis", United States Patent 4,317,109, February 23, 1982, assigned to Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Public Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.

  • NTT character recognition patent
  • Patent on stroke-order independent recognition for Kanji/Chinese
  • Feature points for Kanji/Kana are lengths of segments

• [Odaka82b] (*p) Odaka, Kzaumi, Arakawa, Hiroki and Masuda, Isao "On-line Recognition of Handwritten Characters by Approximating Each Stroke with Several Points", IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol SMC-12 No 6, November 1982, pp 898-903.

  • See 1980 paper of same title in Japanese
  • Better than 99.8% correct recognition on Chinese/Kanji, hiragana, katakana, and alphanumerics/Romanji.
  • Three to six feature points on each stroke for on-line handwriting recognition: points just resampled to a minimum distance? end-points of (Chinese) straight strokes only?

• [Odaka83] () Odaka, K., Wakahara, T., Masuda, I., and Hashimoto, S. "Stroke Order Free Online Character Recognition Algorithm and Its Application", Electronic Communications Laboratory Technical Journal, Vol 32 No 10, 1983, pp 2145-2158 (in Japanese).

  • Japanese handwriting recognition: features are inter-stroke distance pairs: claims 99.5% accuracy on 2057 Kanji
  • Refers to AESOP user-interface for handwriting text/script editing

• [Ogawa81] () Ogawa, H. and Taniguchi, K. "Stroke resolution and segmentation of character string based on relaxation techniques", Transactions of IECE Japan, Vol PRL80-5, 1981.

  • Cited in Leung87

• [OkaR83] () Oka, R. "Studies on Recognition of Handwritten Chinese-Japanese Characters by Using Cellular Features", Research of the Electrotechnical Laboratories, Report No 834 1-109, September 1973 (in Japanese)

  • Cellular automoton for character recognition (?)

• [Okamoto83] () Okamoto, N., Nakamura, O., and Minami, T. "Character Segmentation for Mixed-Mode Communication", Proceedings of IFIP 9th World Computer Congress, 19-23 September, 1983, Paris France, pp 681-685.

  • Character and word segmentation in OCR documents using overlapping rectangles

• [Okamura83] () Okamura, K., Morita, K., Kanaoka, T., Okada, T., and Tomita, S. "Syntactic Pattern Recognition for Handwritten Katakana Characters by a Bottom-up Parser", Transactions of the Institute of Electronics and Communications Engineers of Japan, Vol J66D No 2, February 1983, pp 222-223.

  • NTIS abstract only: Katakana Japanese handwriting recognition

• [Pavlidis82a] () Pavlidis, Theo "An asynchronous thinning algorithm", Computer Graphics Image Processing, Vol 20, 1982, pp 133-157.

  • Cited in Arcelli85
  • Arcelli85 cites as general reference on line thinning, and its applications

• [Pavlidis82] () Pavlidis, Theo "Algorithms for Graphics and Image Processing", Berlin, West Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1982.

  • Cited in Arcelli85
  • Arcelli85 cites chapter 9 as general reference on line thinning, and its applications

• [Pavlidis83] () Pavlidis, Theo "Effects of Distortions on the Recognition Rate of a Structural OCR System", Proceedings of Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition '83, Washington, D.C., June 1983, pp 303-309.

  • Cited in Lam86
  • 3-point calibration on digitizer tablets

• [Pencept83] () Pencept "Pencept Penpad (TM) Manual", Pencept, Incorporated, 39 Green Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02154, 1983

  • handwriting terminal with digitizing tablet and handwriting recognition

• [Pencept83a] (*p) Pencept "Pencept Penpad (TM) 200 Product Literature", Pencept, Incorporated, 39 Green Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02154, 1983

  • handwriting-input terminal product

• [Pencept83b] (*p) Pencept "PENPAD Reference Manual", Pencept, Incorporated, 39 Green Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02154, 1983.

• [PepperW81a] () Pepper, William Jr. "Touch panel system and method", United States Patent 4,293,734, October 6, 1981

• [PepperW81b] () Pepper, William Jr. "Video game apparatus and method", United States Patent 4,302,011, November 24, 1981

  • Touch-screen digitizer that senses intensity of touch force or pressure

• [PepperW82] () Pepper, William Jr. "Touch panel system and method", United States Patent 4,353,552, October 12, 1982

• [PepperW83] () Pepper, William Jr. "Edge terminations for impedance planes", United States Patent 4,371,746, February 1, 1983

  • Edge connectors to linearized distortions at edges of resistive film digitizer / touch-screen

• [Pick83] () Pick, H.L., and Teulings, H.L. "Geometric Transformations of Handwriting", Acta Psychologica, Vol 54, 1983, pp 327-340.

• [Plamondon83] (*p) Plamondon, R. and Brault, J-J. "A System for Signature Analysis and Verification Based on an Accelerometer Pen", Proceedings of International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology, Zurich, Switzerland October 4-6, 1983, pp 157-163.

  • Uses tilt angle in signature verification

• [Quest82] (*) Quest Automation Limited "Micropad User's Guide", Quest House, Princes Road, Ferndown, Dorset BH22 9HQ, United Kingdom.

  • Micropad dynamic on-line character recognition product

• [Quest83] () Quest Automation Limited "Q-Sign Terminal product literature", 10 Whittle Road, Wimborne, Dorset BH21 7SD, United Kingdom. Tel: 0202 891518, 1983.

  • Quest Automation: Micropad signature verification product

• [Rabb82] (*p) Rabb, Gerald R. and Kuklinski, Theodore T. "Pattern Algorithm Permits Freehand Printed-Data Entry", Computer Technology Review, Winter 1982

  • Shows basic features of first Pencept product: single-stroke and multi-stroke forms, boxed input

• [Ray81] () Ray, A.K. and Chatterjee, B. "An Algorithm for the Recognition of Constrained Handwritten English Numerical Characters", Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineers of India, Vol 27 No 9, September 1981, pp 297-299.

  • NTIS abstract: OCR on handwriting recognition of numerals: features are true endpoints, true group points, and true cross points

• [Rediffusion82] (*p) Rediffusion Computers Limited "WRITAWAY product literature", Kelvin Way, Crawley, Sussex RH10 2LY, England, 1982.

  • Micropad-like handwriting recognition product from England, using two resistive sheets and an air separator on the tablet.

• [Rocheleau81] () Rocheleau, R.T. "Coarse Position Digitizer", United States Patent 4,242,843, January 6, 1981, assigned to Summagraphics Corporation, Fairfield, Connecticut.

  • Digitizer with loop as the transmitter, grid as the receiver

• [Reilly81] (*) Reilly, Douglas L., Cooper, Leon N., and Elbau, Charles "A Neural Model for Category Learning", Center for Nerual Science and Department of Physics, Brown University, Rhode Island

  • date approximate
  • Neural (net) model for supervised learning, later applied to handwriting recognition

• [Romein81] (*) Romein, J.J. "Acoustic Writing Combination, Comprising a Stylus with an Associated Writing Tablet", United States Patent 4,246,439, January 20, 1981, assigned to US Philips Corporation, New York, New York.

  • Acoustic digitizer design: two ultrasonic sound sorces on the stylus, permitting tilt / parallax correction
  • Accuracy: pencil lines are 0.005", Ink is 0.01" wide, visual acuity is 0.0005" max

• [SAC82] () SAC "Digitizer Terminology and Comparability", Science Accessories Corporation, 1982, Southport, Connecticut.

• [Saghri81] (*p) Saghri, J.A. and Freeman, H. "Analysis of the precision of generalized chain codes for the representation of planar curves", IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol PAMI-3, September 1981, pp 533-539.

  • Line-segment approximation shows average quantization error a function of grid size, not angle resolution: gives formula for grid size vs matching accuracy

• [Sakoe82] (*p) Sakoe, Hiroaki "A Generalized Two-Level DP-Matching Algorithm for Continuous Speech Recognition", Transactions of the I.E.C.E. of Japan, Vol E65 No 11, November, 1982, pp 649-656.

  • Dynamic programming, time-skipping, dynamic time warping, for speech (author has also published on handwriting character recognition)

• [Salkeld82] (*) Salkeld, Robert J. and Sklarew, Ralph C. "Closed Space Structures", United States Patent 4,318,517, March 9, 1982

  • Same Ralph Sklarew of Grid computer: structures in space the form of a ring around a planet or other orbiting body: cites Larry Niven "Ringworld" as prior art

• [Samet81] (*p) Samet, Hanan "An Algorithm for Converting Rasters to Quadtrees", IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysys and Machine Intelligence, Vol PAMI-3, No 1, January 1981, pp 93-ff

• [Salter83] (*p) Salter, L. "Variability of Japanese Characters", internal report, Pencept, Incorporated, 39 Green Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02154, September 1983.

• [SatoT82] (*p) Sato, T. and Toja, A. "Recognition and Understanding of Hand-drawn diagrams", Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, pp 674-677, 1982.

  • Cleaning up graphical drawings using low-level symbol recognition

• [SatoY82] (*a) Sato, Yuichi and Nakamura, Taichi "Predictive Encoding Method for Handwriting Signals", Transactions of the IECE of Japan, Vol E 65 No 2, February 1982, p. 133 (abstract only).

  • 30 Hz sampling of handwriting on a tablet, DPCM/PCM coders to send handwriting at 200-300 bits/second, 100-500 bit buffer: tablet performance/handwriting signal extraction/frequency response

• [Schaeken82] () Schaeken, B. and Verschueren, W. "A Recognition System for Handwritten Numerals", Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Munich, Germany, October 19-22, 1982.

  • NTIS: Supervised learning on statistical recognizer

• [Shillman81] () Shillman, R.J. "Dynamic Character Recognition: An Emerging Technology", invited paper, Proceedings of COMPCON 81, 22nd IEEE Computer Society International Conference, IEEE Catalog No 81-CH1626-1, February 23-26, 1981.

  • Handwriting input overview paper by Bob Shillman
  • Gives more recent address for Micropad Limited, Image Data Products Limited, handwriting commercial vendors

• [Shinghal82] () Shinghal, R. and Suen, C.Y. "A Method for Selecting Constrained Hand-Printed Character Shapes for Machine Recognition", IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol PAMI-4 No 1, pp 74-78.

  • Shows lots of collected base forms (with Suen)

• [Shinghal83] () Shinghal, R. "A hybrid algorithm for contextual text recognition", Pattern Recognition, Vol 16, 1983, pp 261-267.

  • Context via Markov method, plus a dictionary, better than predictor-corrector method
  • Cited in Sinha88: on spelling/dictionary context correction

• [Shneiderman83] () Shneiderman, B. "Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Languages", IEEE Computer, Vol 16 No 8, pp 57-69, August 1983.

  • Refers to IBM direct-manipulation office desktop user interface "Pictureworld" (like Microsoft's "Bob"?), with file cabinets, mailboxes, notebooks, phone messages
  • Direct manipulation: look under this for gesture/command symbols user interface

• [Shoukry83] () Shoukry, Amin and Amin, Adnan "Topological and statistical analysis of line drawings", Pattern Recognition Letters, Vol 1, July 1983, pp 365-374.

  • On-line handwriting recognition using two-dimensional graph (chain codes) using slope/angle of lines, intersections, labyrinthology, for features

• [Siddiqui83] () Siddiqui, K.J. and Shinghal, R. "Using Contextual Postprocessing to Improve Machine Recognition of Text", IEEE International Symposium on Information Theoory, 26-30 September, 1983, St. Jovite, Quebec.

  • 71% on Munsun's OCR handwriting data set, improved to 86% with Viterbi context algorithm

• [SinghB83] (*) Singh, Baldev, Beatty, John C., Booth, Kellogg S., Ryman, Rhonda "A Graphics Editor for Bensh Movement Notation", Computer Graphics, Vol 17 No 3, pp 51-ff.

  • Digitizer tablet with four-button puck, experiment in GUI design with floating and dynamic menus

• [SmithAR81] () Smith, A. Richard and Erman, Lee D. "Noah -- A Bottom-Up Word Hypothesizer for Large-Vocabulary Speech Understanding Systems", IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol PAMI-3 No 1, January 1981, pp 41-51.

  • Context: using low-level speech context, hypothesizes word for higher-level context analysis
  • Context to resolve co-articulation on continuous speech recognition
  • Cites experiments to determine human use of context in speech
  • On speech recognition, discusses possible biases and justifications for them in training and test data collection

• [Snowberry83] () Snowberry, K. et al "Computer Display Menus", Ergonomics, Vol 26 No 7, 1983, pp 699-712.

• [Srihari82] (*p) Srihari, Sargur N. and Bozinovic, Radmilo "A String Correction Algorithm for Cursive Script Recognition", Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, IEEE CH1801-0/82/0000/0232 1981, pp 232-234.

  • Not sure about conference name
  • Spelling dictionary string correction, using a posteriori computation after recognition is done

• [Srihari83a] (*p) Srihari, S.N., Hull, J.J., and Choudhari, R. "Integrating diverse knowledge sources in text recognition", A.C.M. Transactions on Office Information Systems, Vol 1 no 1, 1983, pp 68-87.

  • Context from bottom-up (probability from previous letter sequence), channel (probability of "A" corrupting to "B"), and top-down (lexicon).
  • Spelling correction for substitution errors: same as Hull83a

• [Srihari83b] () Srihari, Sargur N. and Bozinovic, Radmilo "Use of Knowledge in the Visual Interpretation of Cursive Script", International Conference On Systems, Man and Cybernetics, pages 187 - 191. IEEE Computer Society Press, 1983

  • Cited by Marlin Eller, Microsoft Pen Computing group

• [Stentiford83] (*p) Stentiford, Frederick W.M. and Mortimer, R.G. "Some New Heuristics for Thinning Binary Handprinted Characters for OCR", IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol SMC-13 No 1, January/February 1983, pp 81-84.

  • Line-thinning for handwritten data
  • Skeletonization/thinning: side effects are spurious projection, necking, tail generation, noise holes, with heuristics to fix them.

• [StewartTJ81] (*p) Stewart, Theodor J. "An Interactive Approach to Multiple Criteria Decisionmaking Based on Statistical Inference", IEEE Trans. on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol SMC-11, No 11, November 1981, pp 733-ff.

  • feature selection critical in pattern recognition (see other references on choice of features)

• [Stonham82] () Stonham "Networks of Memory Elements -- A Processor for Industrial Automation", Digital Systems for Industrial Automation, Issue No 1 pp 2-3, 1982.

  • Cited in Faggin89: for pattern recognition on human faces
  • Cited in Faggin89: in connection with Wizard/Wisard adaptive image classifier

• [Suen82] () Suen, C.Y. and Shinghal, R. "A Method for Selecting Constrained Hand-Printed Character Shapes for Machine Recognition", IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol Pami-4 No 1, January 1982, pp 74-78.

  • Describes Suen's data base of 174 types of sample characters

• [Suen83] () Suen, C.Y. "Handwriting Generation, Perception, and Recognition", Acta Psychologica, Vol 54, 1983, pp 295-312.

  • Describes printing, script, and manuscript styles and their legibility to humans
  • Says writing speed for printing increases with practice
  • Digitizer spec is for 3/8" proximity sensing range

• [Summagraphics82] () Summagraphics "Summagrid User's Guide", page A-3, Summagraphics Corporation, 1982, Fairfield, Connecticut, 1982.

• [TanakaHa82] () Tanaka, Hatsukazu, Hirakawa, Yutaka, and Kaneku, Seiko "Recognition of Distorted Patterns Using the Viterbi Algorithm", IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol PAMI-4 No 1, January 1982, pp 18-25.

  • Viterbi algorithm plus a trellis of partial patterns, to do recognition of whole from context of parts

• [TanakaHi82] () Tanaka, Hideo, Uejima, Satoru, and Asai, Kiyoji "Linear Regression Analysis with Fuzzy Model", IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol SMC-12 No 6, November 1982, pp 903-907.

• [Tanner83] (*p) Tanner, Peter, P. and Buxton, William A.S. "Some Issues in Future User Interface Management System (UIMS) Development", Technical Report, University of Ontario, also in "User Center System Design: New Perspectives on Human-Computer Interaction", Norman, Donald A. and Draper, Stephen W (Ed.), 1986, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New Jersey / London

  • Joystick, track-ball, digitizer tablet, with two-handed input

• [Tappert82] (*) Tappert, C.C. "Cursive Script Recognition by Elastic Matching", IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol 26 No 6, November 1982, pp 765-771.

  • Handwriting cursive recognition by point-by-point distance measurements against "ideal" cursive writing. Does not do well with loops vs cusps, which are forms that transition into each other in handwriting motion and variability. Refers to hook effects due to weak tablets as a big problem: compare with Ward patent and article on digitizer tables. Combines letters in connected script to match whole words (context/dictionary.)

• [Taylor83] () Taylor, I. and Taylor, M.M. "The Psychology of Reading", New York: Academic Press, 1983, pp 183-193.

  • Cited in Bozinvic89
  • Bozinovic89 cites for human recognition by outline of word (as shown in WrightG52)

• [ThomasJJ83] () Thomas, James J. and Hamlin, Griffith "Workshop summary: Graphical Input Interaction Technique", printed in Computer Graphics, Vol 5, January 1983, pp 279-304.

  • Workshop report on graphical input interaction user interfaces: including handwrigin GUI

• [Thornburg82] (*) Thornburg, Dvid D; Flegal, Robert M.; and Lam, Tat C. "Graphic Pen for Soft Displays", United States Patent 4,318,096, March 2, 1982

  • Tablet pen with pressure transducer in the tip, to measure side-force on the stylus, for graphic arts rendering

• [Todd81] () Todd, Robert "Apparatus and Method for Recognized a Pattern", United States Patent 4,259,661, assigned to Burroughs Corporation, March 31, 1981.

  • Cited in Bokser88
  • OCR hardware: recognition via template comparison

• [Torok82] (*) Torok, G.P. and White, A.B. "Remote Chalk-board automatic Cursor", United States Patent 4,317,956, March 2, 1982

  • Remote chalkboard / whiteboard / telautograph, display remote cursor showing where the stylus/marker is in proximity (?) so that things can be "pointed to" remotely without marking. Digitizer tablet patent on automatic cursor, mark erasure (recognition strokes removed in electronic ink user-interface), GUI display of eraser in remote whiteboard system. Uses "telautograph" systemas term for whiteboard system, but unidirectional whiteboard, only communicating one way. Use of a display/proximity cursor on whiteboard to help other user notice where things are being written, and to "point to" images.

• [Tsichritzis82] () Tsichritzis, D. "Form Management", Communications of A.C.M., Vol 25 No 7, July 1982, pp 453-478.

  • Quoted in Hakmatpour86 (missing from this list?)
  • Deals with forms in office management, says flow of forms is important
  • Mentions non-paper "forms" for voice
  • Refers to operations on forms: automatic calculation, etc.

• [Tsuruoka83] () Tsuruoka, S., Kimura, F., Yoshimura, M., Yokoi, S., and Miyake, Y. "Thinning Algorithms for Digital Pictures and Their Application to Handprinted Characters Recognition", Transactions of IECE of Japan, Vol J66D No 5, May 1973, pp 525-532 (in Japanese: abstract only)

  • Skeletonization

• [Turba81] () Turba, T.N. "Checking for spelling and typographical errors in computer-based text", in Proceedings of A.C.M. SIGPLAN SIOGA Symposium on Text Manipulation", Portland, Oregon, June 1981, pp 51-60.

  • Cited in Hull83a: on spelling/context correction

• [Voiers83] () Voiers, W.D. "Evaluating Processed Speech using the Diagnostic Rhyme Test", Speech Technology, January/February 1983, pp 30-39.

  • Speech: how contextual factors are controlled in test protocols affects recognition results. Speech recognition failures completely explained by a limited set of underlying phonemic (human recognition) features

• [WalkerJ83] (*) Walker, John "The Autodesk File: Crisis Letter", www.fourmilab.ch/autofile

  • From collection of internal documents on the history of AutoCAD: June 21, 1983. cites special concern on marketing deal with Sun-Flex (touch-pen touchscreen digitiziers), Touch-pen considering alternative vendor P-CAD.

• [Wakahara83] () Wakahara, T. and Umeda, M. "Stroke-number and Stroke-order Free On-line Character Recognition by Selective Stroke Linkage Method", Proceedings of ICTP '83, Tokyo, October 17-19, 1983, pp 157-162.

  • Combinatorial solution to stroke connection and stroke order variations. Break strokes into equal-length pieces, then match them as a feature

• [Wang83] () Wang, C. Sun, H., Yada, S., and Rosenfeld, A. "Some experiments in relaxation image matching using corner features", Pattern Recognition, Vol 16, 1983, pp 167-182.

  • Cited in Yu90: on context for line thinning using chain codes

• [Watanabe83] (*p) Watanabe, Y., Gyoba, J., and Maruyama, K. "Reaction time and eye movements in the recognition task of hand-written Katakana-letters", Japanese Journal of Psychology, Vol 54 No 1, pp 58-61, 1983 (in Japanese).

  • Uses eye fixation to determine what features are cognitively important
  • Repeats and continues Blesser et al's early work from Massachusetts Institute of Technology

• [Watari83] (*p) Watari, Masao, Sakoe, Hiroaki, Chiba, Seibi, Ishizuka, Hisao, Kawakami, Yuichi, and Iwate, Toshiki "A DP-Matching LSI for Speech Recognition", NEC Research and Development, No 70, pp 71-78, July 1983

• [Welty81] . Welty, C. et al "Human Factor Comparison of a Procedural and a Non-procedural Query Language", ACM Trans Database Sys 6(4):626-649 (Dec 1981).

  • TABLET - Query language.

• [WhiteJM83] (*a) White, J.M., and Rohrer, G.D. "Image Thresholding for Optical Character Recognition and Other Applications Requiring Character Image Extraction", IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol 27 No 4, pp 400-411, July 1983.

  • Handwriting recognition using nonlinear adaptive procedure: threshholding of scanned OCR images
  • Pre-processing to clean up OCR scanner images of carbon copy forms, bank checks, smudges, scenic backgrounds, etc.

• [Whitfield83] () Whitfield, D., Ball, R.G. and Bird, J.M. "Some comparisons of on-display and off-display touch input devices for interaction with computer generated displays", Ergonomics, Vol 26, 1983, pp 1033-1053.

  • Beringer89, electronic ink hardware?

• [Willis83] (*p) Willis, Richard "Big Blue goes Japanese", BYTE Magazine, November 1983, pp 144-ff.

  • Has pictures of the complexity of keyboards for Japanese and Chinese characters

• [Wing83] (*p) Wing, A.M., Nimmo-Smith, M.I., and Eldridge, M.A. "The Consistency of Cursive Letter Formation as a Function of Position in the Word", Acta Psychologica, Vol 54, 1983, pp 197-204.

  • Allograph (variant) selection based on preceeding context character

• [Witkin83] () Witkin, A. P. "Scale-space filtering", Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 1983, pp 1019-1022.

  • Cited in Lipscomb91

• [Wu82] () Wu, Li-De "On the Chain Code of a Line", IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol PAMI-4, No 3, May 1982.

• [Yadweb81] () Yadweb, Laura, Herot, Christopher, and Rosenberg "The Automated Desk", Sigsmall Newsletter, Vol 7 No 2, October 1981, pp 102-108.

  • Shneiderman83 cites for direct-manipulation desktop user interface

• [YamamotoE81] (*p) Yamamoto, E., Fujii, N., Fujita, T., Ito, C., and Tanahashi, J. "Handwritten Kanji Character Recognition Using the Features Extracted from Multiple Standpoints", ?? Conference Proceedings, IEEE CH-1595-8/81/0000/0131, 1981.

• [YamamotoK83] (*a) Yamamoto, K. "Studies on the Recognition of Handprinted Characters by Structural Analysis Methods", Research Electrotechnical Laboratory, Report No 831 1-114, February 1973 (in Japanese).

  • Outermost point method for Romanji, numeral, Katakana

• [Yamasaki82] (*a) Yamasake, T., Inokuchi, S., and Sakurai, Y. "Training System for Handwritten Chinese Characters Using On-Line Character Recognition Techniques", Transactions of IECE of Japan, Vol E65 No 10, p 602, October 1982 (Abstract only).

  • Science Citation Index
  • Well-writing: teaching users how to write Chinese, not recognize Chinese handwriting

• [Yhap81] (*p) Yhap, E.F. and Greanias, E.C. "An On-Line Chinese Character Recognition System", IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol 25 No 3, May 1981, pp 187-195.

  • National differences/variability in writing styles (Japanese, Chinese, Korean)
  • Claimed 97.8% accuracy by excluding 5% of data as "poorly written"
  • Stroke order, stroke connection variations in Chinese
  • The 214 standard Chinese radicals "too many": some are rare
  • Recognition diagram: signal filter, segment and direction, stroke
  • Classification, alphabet/element recognition, composite ideograph output
  • Contrast: features of primitive "stroke element" recognition vs chain code segments

• [Yoshida82] (*) Yoshida, K., and Sakoe, H. "Online Handwritten Character Recognition for a Personal Computer System", IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol CE-28 No 3, pp 202-209, August 1982.

  • System connects strokes of "normal" to make "running" forms (variability?), feature is angle sequence (chain codes?)
  • Claims 99.5% accuracy on handwriting recognition

• [Yoshida83] (*) Yoshida, K., and Sakoe, H. "Online Character Recognition by Stack DP Matching Method", PRL83-29, Sep. 27, 1983 (in Japanese, abstract in English)

  • Character represented as branches in a reference pattern feature sequence. Detail "discrimination logics" for character which the regular method cannot handle. Kanji and Hiragana handwriting

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