History of Pen Computing: Annotated Bibliography in On-line Character Recognition and Pen Computing

History of Pen Computing:
Annotated Bibliography in On-line Character Recognition and Pen Computing

References from the approximate years 1891 to 1970.

This compilation and all annotations are copyright © Jean Renard Ward, 1996, 1999, 2002, 2005, 2006
Copyright © Sun Jun 28 13:20:06 EDT 2009

Contact:

jrward@alum.mit.edu

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[Alberga67] (*p) Alberga, C.N. "String similarity and misspellings", Communications of the A.C.M., Vol 10 No 5, May 1967, pp 302-313.

[AndersonR68] (*p) Anderson, Robert H. "Syntax-Directed Recognition of Hand-Printed Two-Dimensional Mathematics", in "Interactive Systems for Experimental Applied Mathematics", pp 436-459, Klever, M. and Reinfelds, J., editors, Academic Press, New York, 1968.

[AndersonR70] (*) Anderson, R.; Bator, R; Gagan, R.; Meads, J.; and Metrick, L. "Interactive Specification of Data Displays", NASA Contractor Report CR-1628, June 1970

[Arkadev67] (*p) Arkadev, A.G. and Braverman, E.M. "Computers and Pattern Recognition", translated from Russian by W. Turski and J.D. Cowan, Thompson Book Company, Washington, D.C., 1967.

[Attneave54] . Attneave, F. "Some informational aspects of visual perception", Psychology Review, Vol 61 No 3, 1954, pp 183-193.

[Bakis68] (*p) Bakis, Raimo, Herbst, Noel M., and Nagy, George "An Experimental Study of Machine Recognition of Hand-printed Numerals", IEEE Transactions on Systems Science and Cybernetics, Vol SSC-4 No 2, July 1968, pp 119-132.

[Bernstein64] (*) Bernstein, Morton I. "Computer recognition of on-line, hand-written characters", Memorandum RM-3753-ARPA, The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California October 1964

[Bernstein67] . Bernstein, M.I. "An On-Line System for Utilizing Hand-Printed Input Progress Report", System Development Corporation, Santa Monica, California, Report No NASA-CR-86108; TM/L/3052/001/00, 18 December 1967.

[Bernstein68a] (*) Bernstein, M.I. and Howell, H.L "Hand-Printed Input for On-Line Systems: Final Report for Phase I", System Development Corporation, TM-(L)-3964/000/00, Santa Monica, California, April 1968. (abstract only)

[Bernstein68b] . Bernstein, Morton I., and Howell, H.L. "Hand-Printed Input for On-Line Systems", System Development Corporation, TM-3937/000/00, Santa Monica, California, April 1968 (Abstract only).

[Bernstein68c] . Bernstein, Morton I. and Williams, T.G. "A two-dimensional programming system", IFIP Congress, Edinburgh, Scotland, August 5-10, 1968. pp C84-C89.

[Bernstein68d] . Bernstein, Morton I. "A Method for Recognition Handprinted Characters in Real Time", in Pattern Recognition, proceedings of IEEE Workshop on Pattern Recognition, L.N. Kanal, editor, Thompson Press, Washington, D.C., 1968, pp 109-113.

[Bernstein69a] . Bernstein, M.I., and Williams, T.G. "A Two-Dimensional Programming System", Proceedings 1968 IFIP Congress, North Holland Pub. Co, page 586, 1969.

[Bernstein69b] (*) Bernstein, M.I. and Howell, H.L "Hand-Printed Input for On-Line Systems: Final Report for Phase I", System Development Corporation, NASA Contractor Report CR-1284, March 1969

[Bernstein70] . Bernstein, M.I. "Software for Interactive Graphics Input", in Computer Handling of Graphical Information, Richard D. Murray, Editors, 1970, SPSE press, pp 28-40.

[Blackwell67] . Blackwell, F.W. "An On-Line Symbol Manipulation System", Proceedings of the 22nd National ACM Conference, Thompson Book Company, Washington, D.C., 1967, pp 203-209.

[Blackwell70] (*) Blackwell, Frederick W. and Anderson, Robert H. "An On-line Symbolic Mathematics System using Hand-Printed Two-Dimensional Notation", RAND Memorandum RM-6018-PR, 1970.

[Bledsoe59] . Bledsoe, W.W. and Browning, J. "Pattern recognition and reading by machine", Proceedings of the East Joint Computer Conference, pp 225-232, December 1959.

[Bledsoe66] . Bledsoe, W.W. and Browning, J. "Pattern recognition and reading by machine", in Pattern Recognition, L. Uhr, editor, Wiley, New York, 1966, pp 301-306.

[Bonner67] (*) Bonner, R.E. "Segmentation Method and Apparatus", United States Patent 3,344,399, assigned to International Business Machines Corporation, New York, New York, September 26, 1967.

[Brenner70] (*) Brenner, A.E. and deBruyne, P. "A Sonic Pen: A Digital Stylus System", IEEE Transactions on Computers, June 1970, pp 546..548

[BrownRM64] (*p) Brown, R.M. "Online Computer Recognition of Handprinted Characters", IEEE Transactions on Electronic Computers, Vol EC-13 No 12, December 1964, pp 750-752.

[BrownCD70] (*p) Brown, Curtis Del "A Real Time Handprinted Character Recognizer", M.S. Thesis, M.I.T, June, 1970

[BushV45] (*) Bush, Vannevar "As We May think", The Atlantic Monthly, July 1945

[Calabi69] . Calabi, L. and Hartnett, W.E. "A family of codes for the correction of substitution and synchronization errors", IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol IT-15 No 1, pp 102-106.

[Caldwell59] (*p) Caldwell, S.H. "The Sinotype - a machine for the composition of Chinese from a keyboard", Journal of the Franklin Institute, Vol 267 no 6, June 1959.

[Cameron67] . Cameron, S.H. et al "DIALOG: A Conversational Programming System with a Graphical Orientation", Communications of the A.C.M., Vol 10 pp 349-357

[Casey66] . Casey, R. and Nagy, G. "Recognition of printed Chinese characters", IEEE Transactions on Electronic Computers, Vol EC-15, February 1966, pp 91-101.

[Champion31] . Champion, M.L. and Gregg, J.R. "Gregg handwriting", Gregg publiching company, 1931; Bibliography by T.R. Davis

[ChengG68] . Cheng, G. Ledley, R.S., Pollock, D. and Rosenfield, A. "Pictorial pattern recognition", Thompson Book Company, Washington D.C., 1968.

[Chesler67] (*) Chesler, Leonard G. and Turn, Rein "The Application of On-Line Graphical Techniques for Programming and Operating a "Moving Network" Monitoring Display", RAND Corporation Memorandum RM-5183-PR, 1967

[Chodrow66] . Chodrow, M.M., Bivona, W.A. and Walsh, G.M. "A Study of Hand-Printed Character Recognition Techniques", Rome Air Development Center Technical Report No RADC-TR-65-444, February 1966.

[Clark70] . Clark, D.W., Connell, David B., Dimeo, Michael P., Opitz, Bruck K., Sammon, John W. jr., and Sanders, Jon H. "Handprinted Character Recognition Techniques", NTIS Report AD 876 875, RADC Technical Report RADC-TR-70-206, October, 1970.

[Clemens65] . Clemens, J.K. "Optical Character Recognition for Reading Machine Applications", Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1965.

[Clowes68] . Clowes, M.B. "Transformational grammars and the organization of pictures", paper presented to the PISA Conference on Automatic Interpretation and Classification of Images, Pisa, Italy, August, 1968.

[Coleman67] . Coleman, M.L. "Design for a text editor", Memo CCP 238, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1967.

[Coleman69] (*) Coleman, Michael L. "Text editing on a graphic display device using hand-drawn proofreader's symbols", from Pertinent Concepts in Computer Graphics: Proceedings of the 2nd University of Illinois Conference on Computer Graphics, Faiman, M. and Nievergelt, J., editors, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois, 1969, pp 282-290. Also in M. Faiman and J. Nievergelt (Eds.), Pertinent Concepts in Computer Graphics

[Cotton72] . Cotton, I. "Network graphic attention handling", Online 72 International Conference, Brunel University, Uxbridge, England September 1972, pp 465-490

[CrookMN63] (*) Crook, M.N. and Kellogg, D.S. "Experimental Study of Human Factors for a Handwritten Numeral Reader", IBM Journal of Research and Development, January 1963, pp 76 ..78.

[Curry69] . Curry, James E. "A Tablet Input Facility for an Interactive Graphics System", Proceedings IJCAI 1969, AFIPS/ACM International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp 33..40, May 1969

[Damerau64] . Damerau, F.J. "A technique for computer detection and correction of spelling errors", Communications of the A.C.M., Vol 7 No 3, March 1964, pp 171-176.

[Danna69] . Danna, S.R. "Signature Identification Instrument", United States Patent 3,480,911, November 25, 1969, assigned to Conetta Manufacturing Co. Incorporated, Stamford, Connecticut.

[DavisMR64] (*) Davis, M.R. and Ellis, T.O. "The RAND Tablet: A Man-Machine Graphical Communication Device", AFIPS Fall Joint Computer Conference #26, part 1, 1964, Spartan Books, Baltimore, Maryland, pp 325-331.

[DayLF10] . Day, L.F. "Alphabets Old and New", B.T. Batsford, Limited, London, 1910.

[Deringer68] . Deringer, D. "The Alphabet", Funk and Wagnalls, New York, 1968.

[Deutsch67] . Deutsch, P. and Lampson, B.W. "An Online Editor", Communications of the A.C.M., Vol 10 No 12, 1967, pp 793-799.

[Devoe67] . Devoe, D. "Alternatives to Handprinting in the Manual Entry of Data", IEEE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics, Vol HFE-8 No 1, January 1967, pp 21-32.

[Devoe68] . Devoe, Donald D., and Graham, Donald N. "Evaluation of Handprinted Character Recognition Techniques", Sylvania Electronics Systems Final Report No F-6171-1; RADC-TR-68-103, May 1968 (Abstract only).

[Dewey23] . Dewey, G. "Relative Frequency of English Speech Sounds", Harvard University Press, Cambridge Massachusetts, 1923.

[DickensonWE60] (*) Dickenson, W.E. "A Character-Recognition Study", IBM Journal of Research and Development, July 1960, pp 335..348

[Dimond57] . Dimond, T.L. "Devices for reading handwritten characters", Proceedings of Eastern Joint Computer Conference, pp 232-237, December 1957.

[Dimond58] . Dimond, Tom .L. "Experimental device for reading handwritten numbers", Electronic Equipment, Vol 6 No 1, January 1958, pp 6-7.

[Dimond63] (*) Dimond, T.L. "Machine Reading of Handwritten Characters", United States Patent 3,108,254, October 22, 1963, assigned to Bell Telephone Laboratories, New York, New York.

[Dixon65] . Dixon, N.F. "Subliminal Perception: The Nature of a Controversy", McGraw-Hill, 1965.

[Doyle60] (partial) Doyle, W. "Recognition of sloppy, hand-printed characters", Proceedings of Western Joint Computer Conference, 1960, pp 133-142. Original date 10 December 1959, Revised 2 May 1960

[Drew19] (*) Drew, W.F. "Electric Keyboard for Calculating Machines, Type Writing Machines, and the Like", United States Patent 1,311,384, July 29, 1919.

[Drezner66] (*) Drezner, Stephon M., Gatto, O.T. and Wisneiwski, T.D. "Report on a Demonstration of a Computer-Assisted Countdown", RAND Corporation Research Report RM-5005-NASA, 1966

[Dreyfuss59] . Dreyfuss, H. "Anthropomorphic data - Adult Male seated at Console", publication source unknown.

[Duda68] . Duda, R.O. and Hart, P.E. "Experiments in the recognition of hand-printed text: part II -- context analysis", Proceedings of Fall Joint Computer Conference, 1968, Thompson Books, Washington, D.C., pp 1139-1149.

[DunnRankin68] . Dunn-Rankin, Peter "The Similarity of Lower-Case Letters of the English Alphabet", Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, Vol 7, pp 990-995, 1968.

[Dydyk70] . Dydyk, R.B., and Kalra, S.N. "Recognition of handprinting", Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Systems Science, January 1969, pp 333-336.

[Earnest62] . Earnest, L.D. "Machine recognition of cursive writing", in "Information Processing", C. Cherry, editor, Butterworths, London England, 1962, pp 462-466.

[Eden61] . Eden, Mark and Halle, M. "The characterization of cursive writing", Information Theory, C. Cherry, editor, Butterworth, London, 1961, pp 287-299.

[Eden62] . Eden, Mark "Handwriting and pattern recognition", IRE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol IT-8 No 2, pp 160-166, 1962.

[Eden64] . Eden, Mark and Mermelstein, P. "Experiments on computer recognition of connected handwritten words", Information and Control, Vol 7., pp 255-270, 1964.

[Eden68] . Eden, Mark "Other Pattern Recognition Problems and Some Generalizations", in "Recognizing Patterns", edited by Paul A. Kolers and Murray Eden, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1968, pp 196-225.

[EinsteinA30] (*) Einstein, Albert and Szilard, Leo "Refrigeration", United States Patent 1,781,541, November 11, 1930

[EllisTO66] . Ellis, T.O. and Sibley, W.L. "On the Development of Equitable Graphic I/O", The RAND Corporation, Report P-3415, Santa Monica, California, July 1966.

[EllisTO68a] . Ellis, T.O., and Davis, M.R. "Digital computer and graphic input system", United States Patent 3,399,401, assigned to the United States of America, August 27, 1968.

[EllisTO68b] (*) Ellis, T.O., and Sibley, W.L. "On the Problem of Directness in Computer Graphics", The RAND Corporation, Report P-3697, March 1968.

[EllisTO69a] (*) Ellis, T.O., Heafner, J.F., and Sibley, W.L. "The GRAIL Project: An Experiment in Man-Machine Communications", The RAND Corporation, RM-5999-ARPA, Santa Monica, California, September 1969.

[EllisTO69b] (*) Ellis, T.O., Heafner, J.F., and Sibley, W.L. "The Grail Language and Operations", The RAND Corporation, RM-6001-ARPA, Santa Monica, California, September 1969.

[EllisTO69c] (*) Ellis, T.O., Heafner, J.F., and Sibley, W.L. "The Grail System Implementation", The RAND Corporation, RM-6002-ARPA, Santa Monica, California, September 1969.

[English67] . English, W.K., Engelbart, D.C., and Berman, M.L. "Display Selection Techniques for Text Manipulation", Transactions of IEEE, Vol HFE-8, page 5-ff.

[Feder65] . Feder, J. and Freeman, H. "Segment fitting of curves in pattern analysis using chain correlation", NTIS report AD619525, March, 1965.

[Finger47] . Finger, Frank W. and Spelt, David K. "The Illustration of the Horizontal-Vertical Illusion", Journal of Experimental Psychology, Vol 37, pp 243-250.

[Flannery18] (*) Flannery, J.R. and Dodds, E.I. "Means for Displaying Illuminated Words or Characters", United States Patent 1,285,098, assigned to Flannery Bolt Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, November 19, 1918

[Frank69] . Frank, A.I. "Data Entry System", United States Patent 3,487,371, assigned to ScanData Corporation, Norristown, Pennsylvania, December 30, 1969.

[Freeman61] . Freeman, H. "On the encoding of arbitrary geometric configurations", IRE Transactions on Electronic Computers, Vol EC-10, 1961, pp 260-268.

[Freeman70] . Freeman, H. "Boundary encoding and processing", in Picture Processing and Psychopictorics, B.S. Lipkin and A. Rosenfeld, editors, New York, Academic Press, 1970, pp 241-266.

[Frishkopf61] . Frishkopf, L.S. and Harmon, L.D. "Machine Reading of Cursive Script", Information Theory (symposium proceedings, London 1960). C. Cherry, Editor, Butterworth, London, 1961, pp 300-316.

[Frishkopf64] . Frishkopf, L.S. "Automatic Recognition of Handwriting", United States Patent 3,133,266, assigned to Bell Telephone Laboratories, New York, New York, 1964.

[Funk70] (*) Funk, Howard L. and Kamble, Stanley F. "Handwritten Character Recognition Apparatus", United States Patent 3,500,323, March 10, 1970, assigned to IBM Corporation, Armonk, New York.

[Gaffney65] (*) Gaffney, J.E. and Kusnick, A.A. "Character Identification Device", United States Patent 3,199,078, assigned to IBM Corporation, New York, New York.

[Garner54] . Garner, W.R. "Context Effects and the Validity of Loudness Scales", Journal of Experimental Psychology, Vol 48 No 3, 1954, pp 218-224.

[Genchi68] . Genchi, Hiroshi, Mori, Ken-Ichi, Watanabe, Sadakazu, and Katsuragi, Sumio "Recognition of Handwritten Numerical Characters for Automatic Letter Sorting", Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol 56 No 8, August 1968, pp 1292-1301.

[GilmoreJT58] (partial) Gilmore, John T. and Peterson, Holmer P. "A functional description of the TX-0 computer", M.I.T. / Lincoln Laboratory Report 6M-4789-1, October 3, 1958. TK7855.M41.L7455

[Glatte59] (partial) Glatte, H. "Shorthand Systems of the World", The Wisdom Library, Division of Philosophical Libary New York, 1959

[GoldbergE31] (*) Goldberg, Emanuel "Statistical Machine", United States Patent 1,838,398, December 29, 1931

[GoldbergHE14] (*) Goldberg, Hyman Eli "Controller", United States Patent 1,117,184, November 17, 1914.

[GoldbergHE15] (*) Goldberg, Hyman Eli "Controller", United States Patent 1,116,663, December 28, 1915

[Golshan70] . Golshan, N. and Hsu, C.C. "A Recognition Algorithm for Handprinted Arabic Numerals", IEEE Transactions on Systems Science and Cybernetics, July 1970, pp 246-250.

[Graham70?] . Graham, D.N. "An Adaptive Character Recognition System\", Sylvania Applied Research Laboratory, Research Note Number 718

[Gray1888a] (*) Gray, Elisha "Art of Telegraphy", United States Patent 386,814, July 31, 1888

[Gray1888b] (*) Gray, Elisha "Telautograph", United States Patent 386,815, July 31, 1888

[Gray1891a] (*) Gray, Elisha "Telautograph", United States Patent 461,470, October 20, 1891

[Gray1891b] (*) Gray, Elisha "Art Of and Apparatus for Telautographic Communication", United States Patent 461,472, October 20, 1891

[Gray1893a] (*) Gray, Elisha "Telautograph", United States Patent 491,347, February 7, 1893

[Gray1893b] (*) Gray, Elisha "Telautograph", United States Patent 494,562, April 4, 1893

[Greanias57] (*) Greanias, E.; Hoppel, C.J.; Kloomok, M.; Osborne, J.S. "Design of Logic for Recognition of Printed Characters by Simulation", IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol 1 No 1, 1957, pp 8 ff.

[Greanias63] . Greanias, E., Meagher, P., Norman, R. and Essigner, P. "The recognition of handwritten numerals by contour analysis", IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol 7 No 1, January 1963, pp 14-21.

[Griffin67] . Griffin, Eugene H. and Gunn, James W. "End of Character Detector", United States Patent 3,305,832, assigned to Sperry Rand Corporation, New York, New York, February 21, 1967.

[Groner66a] (*) Groner, G.F. "Real-Time Recognition of Handprinted Text", Memorandum RM-5016-ARPA, The Rand Corporation, October 1966.

[Groner66b] . Groner, G.F. "Real-Time Recognition of Hand-printed Text", AFIPS Fall Joint Computer Conference #29, 1966, Spartan Books, Washington, D.C., pp 591-601.

[Groner67] (*) Groner, G.F., Heafner, J.F., and Robinson, T.W. "On-line computer classification of handprinted Chinese characters as a translation aid", RAND Corporation publication P-3568, April 1967. IEEE Transactions on Electronic Computers, Vol 16, December 1966/1967(?), pp 856-860.

[Groner68a] . Groner, G.F. "Real-Time Recognition of Handprinted Symbols", in Pattern Recognition, proceedings of IEEE Workshop on Pattern Recognition, L.N. Kanal, editor, Thompson Press, Washington, D.C., 1968, pp 103-108.

[Groner68b] (*) Groner, Gabriel F. "Real-Time Recognition of Handprinted Symbols: Program Documentation", RAND Corporation Research Memorandum RM-5550-ARPA, 1968

[GroverGF66] . Grover, G.F. "Real-Time Recognition of Hand-Printed Text", Proceedings of the Fall Joint Computer Conference, 1966, p 591.

[Handel31] (*) Handel, P.W. "Statistical Machine", United States Patent 1,915,993, June 27, 1933

[Hansell39] (*) Hansell, C.W. "Multiplex Facsimile Printer System", United States Patent 2,143,875, assigned to Radio Corporation of America, Delaware, January 17, 1939.

[Harmon62] . Harmon, L.D. "Handwriting reader recognizes whole words", Electronics, Vol 35, August 1962, pp 29-31.

[Harmon63] (*) Harmon, L.D. "Method and Apparatus for Reading Cursive Script", United States Patent 3,111,646, November 19, 1963, assigned to Bell Telephone Laboratories, New York, New York.

[Harmon64a] (*) Harmon, L.D. "Automatic Reading of Cursive Script", United States Patent 3,127,588, March 31, 1964, assigned to Bell Telephone Laboratories, New York, New York.

[Harmon64b] . Harmon, L.D. "Automatic reading of printing and script", presented to the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 29 December, 1964.

[Harmon64c] (*) Harmon, L.D. "Automatic Character Recognizer", United States Patent 3,050,711, Agust 21, 1962, assigned to Bell Telephone Laboratories, New York, New York.

[Harmon65] . Harmon, L.D. and Sitar, E.J. "Method and apparatus for correcting errors in mutilated text", United States Patent 3,188,609, June, 1965

[Haverty68] (*) Haverty, J.P. "GRAIL/GPSS: Graphic On-Line Modeling", RAND Corporation publication P-3838, 1968. Presented at an IBM Seminar on Operations Research in the Arospace Industry: Models in Planning and Control, Newport Beach, April 1968

[HayesHV32] (*) Hayes, H.V. "Radiant Energy Signalling", United States Patent 1,954,204, April 10, 1934

[Helson65] . Helson, H. "Adaptation Level Theory, an Experimental and Systematic Approach to Behavior", Harper and Row, New York, 1964.

[Hilditch69] . Hilditch, C.J. "Linear skeletons from square cupboards", Machine Intelligence, Vol 4, 1969, pp 403-420.

[HieronymusTG49] (*) Hieronymus, Thomas G. "Detection of Emanations from Materials and Measurement of the Volumes Thereof", United States Patent 2,482,773, September 27, 1949

[Hochberg53] . Hochberg, J. and McAlister, E. "A quantitative approach to figural 'goodness'", Journal of Experimental Psychology, Vol 46, 1953, pp 361-364.

[Hornbuckle67] . Hornbuckle, G.D. "The Computer Graphics / User Interface", IEEE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics, Vol HFE-8 No 1, March, 1967, pp 17-22.

[Hoshino69] . Hoshino, T. and Kiji, K. "Computer-Aided Design for a Reader of Hand-Printed Characters", Proceedings IJCAI 1969, AFIPS/ACM International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp 153-160, May 1969

[Hough62] (*) Hough, P.V.C. "Method and Mesn for Recognizing Complex Patterns", United States Patent 3,069,654, December 18, 1962

[Hu62] . Hu, M.K. "Visual Pattern Recognition by Moment Invariants", IRE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol IT-8, February 1962, pp 179-187.

[Hughes68] . Hughes, G.F. "On the mean accuracy of statistical pattern recognizers", IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol IT-14, 1968, pp 55-63.

[HuntWA37] . Hunt, W.A. and Volkmann, J. "The Anchoring of an Affective Scale", American Journal of Psychology, Vol 49, 1937, pp 88-92.

[HuntWA38] . Hunt, W.A. and Flannery, J. "Variability in the Affective Judgement", American Journal of Psychology, Vol 51, 1938, pp 507-513.

[HuntWA41] . Hunt, W.A. "Anchoring Effects in Judgement", American Journal of Psychology, Vol 54, 1941, pp 395-403.

[Irland64] (*) Irland, E.A. and Morrison, C.G. "Real Time Reader for Hand-written Alpha Numeric Characters", United States Patent 3,142,039, assigned to Bell Telephone Laboratories, New York, New York, July 21, 1964

[Ivaschentzo69] . Ivaschentzo/Ivaschenko et al "Inductive Transducers for Graphical Input Devices", Soviet Journal of Instrumentation and Control, August 1969, pp 22-25

[JohnsonCI68] (*) Johnson, C.I. "Interactive Graphics in Data Processing: Principles of interactive systems", In Interactive Systems, Numbers 3 and 4, 1968,pp 147-173

[JohnsonRB56] (*) Johnson, Reynold B. "Indicia-controlled Record Perforating Machine", United States Patent 2,741,312, April 10, 1956.

[Kamentsky64] (*) Kamentsky, L.A. "Character Recognition System", United States Patent 3,123,804, March 3, 1964

[Kay69] . Kay, A.C. "The Reactive Engine", Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1969.

[KingJH66] (*) King, J.H. jr. and Tunis, C.J. "Some Experiments in Spoken Word Recognition", IBM Journal of Research and Development, January 1966, pp. 65..79

[Kinsler62] . Kinsler, L.E. and Frey, A.R. "Fundamentals of Acoustics", 2nd Edition, page 503, John Wiley and Sons, Incorporated, New York, 1962.

[Knoegig61] (*) Koenig, Walter Jr. "Telautograph System", United States Patent 3,005,050, October 17, 1961

[Knoll69] . Knoll, A.L. "Experiments with characteristic loci for recognition of hand-printed characters", IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol 18, pp 366-372, 1969.

[Krantz61] . Krantz, D.L. and Campbell, D.T. "Separating Perceptual and Linguistic Effects in Context Shifts upon Absolute Judgement", Experimental Psychology, Vol 62 No 1, 1961, pp 35-42.

[Kucera67] . Kucera, H. and Francis, W.N. "Computational analysis of present day American English", Brown University Press, Providence, Rhode Island, 1967.

[Kuennapas66] (*p) Kuennapas, Teodor "Visual Perception of Capital Letters: Multidimensional ratio scaling and multidimensional similarity", Scand. Journal of Psychology, Vol 7, 1966 pp 189-196

[Kuhl63] . Kuhl, F. "Classification and Recognition of Hand-Printed Characters", IEEE International Convention Record, Part 4, 1963, pp 75-93.

[Leitner61] (*) Leitner, R.G. "Telescribing Apparatus", United States Patent 2,975,235, March 14, 1961

[LesterCHT38] . Lester, C.H.T. "Single-stroke writing", Bibliography by T.R. Davis

[Levenshtein66] . Levenshtein, A. "Binary codes capable of correcting deletions, insertions and reversals", Soviet Physics - Dolkady, Vol 10, 1966, pp 707-710.

[Licklider62] . Licklider, J.C.R., and Clark, W.E. "On-Line Man-Computer Communications", Proceedings of the SJCC, 1963, p 329.

[Lindgren65] . Lindgren, N. "Machine recognition of human language: Part III--cursive script recognition", IEEE Spectrum, May 1965, pp 104-116.

[LiuJ69] . Liu, J. "Real-Time Chinese Handwriting Recognition Machine", E.E. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusetts, 1969.

[Long60] (*) Long, E.R. and Henneman, R.H. "An Experimental Analysis of Set: Variables Influencing the Identification of Ambiguous, Visual Stimulus-Objects", American Journal of Psychology, Vol 73, 1960, pp 553-562.

[LoomisHH60] (*) Loomis, Herschel H. Jr. "Graphic Manipulation Techniques Using the Lincoln TX-2 Computer", Lincoln Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge Massachusetts Report 516-0017, November 11, 1960.

[MacDonaldJS66] (*) MacDonald, John S. "Experimental Studies of Handwriting Signals", M.I.T. Research Lab of Electronics, March 31, 1996, Technical Report RLE TR-443

[Marill63] . Marrill, T., Hartley, A.K., Evans, T.G., Bloom, B.H., Park, D.M., Hart, T.P., and Dorley, D.L. "CYCLOPS-1: A Second Generation Recognition System", AFIPS Conference Proceedings of the 1963 Fall Joint Computer Conference, Vol 24, pp 27-33, 1963.

[MartinWA67a] . Martin, William Arthur "Symbolic Mathematical Laboratory", Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Report No MAC-TR-36, January 1967.

[MartinWA67b] (partial) Martin, W.A. "A Fast Parsing Scheme for Hand-Printed Mathematical Expressions", Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Artificial Intelligence Project Memo No 145, Memorandum MAC-M-360, October 19, 1967.

[Masterson62] . Masterson, J.L. and Hirsch, R.S. "Machine recognition of handwritten constrained Arabic numerals", IRE Transactions on Human Factors and Electronics, Vol 3, pp 62-65, September 1962.

[McElwain62] . McElwain, C.K. and Evans, M.E. "The degarbler -- a program for correcting machine-read Morse code", Information and Control, Vol 5 No 4, December 1962, pp 368-384.

[Merryman70] (*p) Merryman, Coleman T. and Restle, Frank "Perceptual Displacement of a Test Mark Toward the Larger of Two Visual Objects", Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1970, Vol 84 No 2, pp 311-318

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