This posting of an annotated bibliography on gesture user interfaces, on-line character recognition (a.k.a. dynamic character recognition, a.k.a. pen and touch computing), both hardware and software, has been a continuing work-in-progress since the 1980s. It includes information on related application topics, such as digital rights management (DRM), portable computing, cryptographic communications, and biometric authentication. I am posting it as a service to those with interest in the field. It may also be of special interest to anyone investigating any of the areas of digitizer tablets, touchscreens, character recognition, touch/gesture user interfaces, multi-touch computing, touch and proximity sensors, augmented reality, haptics, context-dependent intrepretation of user input, and applications including the same. It covers the time period from approximately 1891 (first electronic tablet) through 1914 (first gesture/handwriting-recognition input system) to the present day.

• This compilation and all annotations are copyright © Jean Renard Ward, 1992, 1996, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2018.
• Permission is hereby given to link to this page, or to cite or use this information in publication, including confidential reports, provided notice of the source is given as stated below along with the full URL of this page.
  
  

  Source:	Annotated Bibliography in On-line Character Recognition, Pen Computing,
  	Gesture User Interfaces and Tablet and Touch Computers, and related topics
  	Copyright ©Jean Renard Ward

For additional information on Rueters-Ward Services, including my CV for consulting or as an expert witness: URL:   http://www.ruetersward.com.) e-mail: jrward@alum.mit.edu Google Voice: 617-600-4095

References from the approximate years 2016 to 2018.

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• [AliML16a] Ali, Md Liakat; Monaco, John V.; Tappert, Charles C.; and Qiu, Meikang "Keystroke Biometric Systems for User Authentication", Jnl. of Signal Processing Systems, published online March 7, 2016
  Survey of current methods for authenticating users by keystroke dynamics, timing of keystrokes while typing. Timing, timing+pressure. 135 references, none to Saltzer.
• [Android16a] Developer.android.com "MotionEvent.getSize()", http://developer.android.com, fetched 2016
  Android API: MotionEvent.getSize(idx), AXIS_SIZE, AXIS_TOUCH_MAJOR, AXIS_TOUCH_MINOR: multi-touch API reports size (area), and X/Y axis length of touch contents. See also getPressure(idx).
• [AntoineA17a] Antoine, Axel; Malacria, Sylvain; and Casiez, Gery "ForceEdge: Controlling Autoscroll on Both Desktop and Mobile Computers Using the Force", Proc. CHI 2017, May 6..11, 2017, Denver CO pp. 3281..3292
  Autoscrolling when user drags/selects to edge of window/touchscreen can be confusing, scroll speed depends on distance. Instead user drags to a side control area, then presses harder on pressure/force touchscreen to control scroll speed.
• [Apple16a] Apple "Use Multi-Touch Gestures on your Mac", http://support.apple.com, fetched 2016
  Multi-touch gestures on Apple multi-touch trackpad or Magic Mouse. Two finger scroll and swipe gestures, full-hand (four-finger) swipe gesture to move between apps and/or desktops.
• [Apple16b] Apple "WatchOS Human Interface Guidelines", http://developer.apple.com, fetched 2016
  User-interface design guidelines for AppleOS/Apple Watch with touchscreen. ClockKit automatic layout ending (compare with PenPoint?). Button switch and slider controls: Examples show no more than four elements on a screen/page. Long Looks are scrollable simple menus larger than display. App interfaces must be either hierarchical or page based: user must navigate pate to page. Modal message occupy/fill all of small display touchscreen. For more complex interactions, must Handoff to separate device (e.g. paired iPhone). Gestures limited to tap (action-based activate), vertical swipe to scroll, horizontal for page forward/back, left edge swipe back in hierarchical interface. Confusion of long press (press-and-hold) and force touch. Additional interactions on Digital Crown (rotate on frame, picker). Haptic feedback (combinations of long and short vibrations) standardized (e.g. Failure, Retry, etc.), always accompanied by audible tones. No virtual keyboard.
• [AppleInsider16a] Campbell, Mikey "Why Apple's iPhone SE lacks 3D Touch technology", Apple Insider, March 23, 2016
  Discussion of Apple 3D Touch: capacitive displacement pressure sensors measure flexing of touchscreen under finger pressure, not area of contact on multitouch touchscreen. Light touch used for peek/preview of images, links, calendar entries. Mension ergonomic preferences for smaller display for single-hand user interface: iOS user interface intended for single-hand use -- adaptations of gestures for Pad tablets to compensate.
• [BalarVR16a] Balar, Viren R.; Row, James T.; Campbell, Bryan E.; Mowry, Kevin C.; Li, Tiegang; and Taylor, Jeffrey E. "Secure Wireless Network-based Activation fo Tablet-side Information and Point-of-Sale Devices", US Patent 9,264,241, February 16, 2016
  Table-side (restaurant/kiosk) order-entry POS system using touchscreens: exchange of tokens for security on WIFI network, one WIFI network used to obtain authorization (activation bundle) for use on second WIFI network.
• [BesanconL17a] Besancon, Lonni; Ammi, Mehdi; and Isenberg, Tobias "Pressure-Based Gain Factor Control for Mobile 3D Interaction using Locally-Coupled Devices", Proc. CHI 2017, May 6..11, 2017, Denver, CO, pp. 1831..1842
  Pressure/force transducers on back of tablet, user can squeeze/clutch to scroll/pan, squeezing harder moves faster.
• [BeyerMK16a] Beyer, Malcom K. jr. "Method to provide ad hoc and password protected digital and voice networks", US Patent 9,408,055, August 2, 2016
  ad-hoc authentication (using phone numbers, etc.) in emergency communications networks. Phone numbers shown on map display, dial by touching near/nearest to symbol icon., 9,467,838, 9,445,251.
• [BlindPad17a] BlindTab.eu "BlindPad: A touchable target to guide the visually impaired", http://blindtab.com, fetched 2017
  BlindTab: stand-alone tactile display, alternative to raised-line maps (gold standard) for blind/visually impaired, can be updated. Compare with Blitab?
• [Blitab17a] BLITAB Technology GMBH / Kristina Tsvetanova "BLITAB Multipurpose Tactile Display", http://blitab.com, fetched 2017
  Product and marketing information on BLITAB: Large-format tactile display product. Shows both large array of braille display cells, and full-matrix tactile graphics display. Shown with prototype (simulated?) tablet product with Android OS.
• [BraunAC16a] Braun, Adam C.; Beamer, Jonathan L.; Rosenberg, Louis B.; and Chang, Dean C. "Force feedback system including multi-tasking graphical host environment and interface device", US Patent 9,323,332, April 26, 2016
  Force-feedback haptic mouse for windows-based GUI, feedback defined by profiles for display resolution (which may change dynamically), different feedback in different application windows,
• [BuschekD17a] Buschek, Daniel and Alt, Florian "ProbUI: Generalising Touch Target Representations to Enable Declarative Gesture Definition for Probabilistic GUIs", Proc. CHI 2017, May 6..11, 2017, Denver CO, pp. 4640..4653
  Address fat-finger targeting problem by probabilistic models for user input. Bias target towards most likely intent.
• [ByrdG16a] Byrd, Greg "Tactile Digital Braille Display", IEEE Computer, November 2016 pp. 88..90
  Student project Braille display: output is matrix of LEDs, not physical actuators. Display output comes from NVDA open-source screen reader.
• [Caddit17a] CADDIT.net "Customizing the pointer device buttons", http://caddit.net, fetched 2017
  Example of command definition for buttons on 4-button and 16-button tablet puck. Shows diamond arrangement for four-button puck, magnifier/cross-hairs Compare with PenCAD?
• [Canatu17a] Canatu.com "Canatu 3D formable and bendable touch films and sensors", http://canatu.com, fetched 2017
  product information on formable capacitive films and sensors using carbon nanotubes / nanobuds for touchscreen and touch interfaces.
• [CattanE17a] Cattan, Elie; Rochet-Capellan, Amelie; Perrier, Pascal; and Berard, Francois "Does Practice Make Perfect? Learning to Deal with Latency in Direct-Touch Interaction", Proc. CHI 2017, May 6..11, 2017, Denver, Colorado, pp. 5619..5629
  Touch latency noticeable on touchscreens as low as 25 ms, but in real-world use users adapt. Cites to earlier work on electronic inking delay/lag/latency.
• [ChakrabortyT17a] Chakraborty, Tusher; Khan, Taslim Arefin; and Al silam, A.B.M. Alim "FLight: A Low-Cost Reading and Writing System for Economically Less-Privileged Visually-Impaired People Exploiting Ink-based Braille System", Proc. CHI 2017, May 6..11, 2017, Denver, Colorado, pp. 531..540
  .
• [CockburnA17a] Cockburn, Andy; Gutwin, Carl; Palanque, Philippe; Deleris, Yannock; Trask, Catherine; Coveney, ashley; Yung, Marcus; and MacLean, Karon "Turbulent Touch: Touchscreen Input for Cockpit Displays", Proc. CHI 2017, May 6..11, 2017, Denver, Colorado, pp. 6743..6753
  Touchscreen, even with guide stencils, not as good as trackball in turbulent/vibrating environments such as aircraft cockpit for pointing accuracy. Additional problem is users wanting visual confirmation (distraction) of pointing correctly on stencil with no guide ridges.
• [ComputerHistory16a] computerhistory.org "The Mouse", www.computerhistory.org, fetched 2016
  Pictures of historical Mouse, including original Doug Engelbart wheeled prototype. Includes Siemens Rollkugel, first ball mouse.
• [ComputerHistoryMuseum17a] Computer History Museum "Timeline of Computer History: Networking", www.computerhistory.org, fetched 2017
  Timeline of computer milestones: Memex 1945, SAGE computer with light-gun / lightpen, Mother of All Demos with Douglas Engelbart and mouse with NLS system, NTT DoCoMo tablet computer (compare Web Pad) with WAP 2002/1999.
• [Comsol16a] Smith, Scott "Streamlining Capacitive Touchscreen Design with Apps", www.comsol.com, February 23, 2016
  Product application note on Comsol multi-physics modeling software used to model capacitive touchscreen. Modeling of mutual capacitance.
• [CorstenC17a] Corsten, Christian; Daehlmann, Bjoern; Voelker, Simon; and Borchers, Jan "BackXPress: Using Back-of-Device Finger Pressure to Augment Touchscreen Input on Smartphones", Proc. CHI 2017, May 6..11, 2017, Denver CO, pp. 4654..4666
  Use study of multi-touch pressure touchpad sensors on back of multitouch smartphone device (BoD), held in landscape mode so that thumbs used on front surface.
• [DMC16a] DMC Company Ltd. "Projected Capacitive Mounting Instructions", www.dmccoltd.com fetched 2016
  Vender hardware instructions on capacitive touchscreen hardware: capacitive couplings with metal bezel, moisture/liquid on surface (in outdoor use).
• [DanielSF16a] Daniel, Steven F. "Apple Watch App Development", PACKT Publishing, 2016
  Apple Watch software development, WatchKit and Swift 2.0 programming language. Touchscreen is multi-touch, gestures limited to three fingers due to small size. Apps only run in conjunction with an iPhone (iPad?). No pinch/zoom gestures, only swipes and taps, plus force touch (force/pressure sensing on whole of display, not per region or location on touchscreen). Force touch semantically identical to long press (press-and-hold). No multi-touch hardware in current model. Context menu examples limited to four elements in rectangle (touchscreen size).
• [DuheilleR16a] Duheille, Remi "Touch and Non-touch Interaction of a User with a Device", US Patent 9,448,714, September 20, 2016
  Combine touch input with non-touch gesture. Cites to earlier work on touchless interaction / in-air gestures.
• [ETMXSoftware16a] apkpure.com "Young Painter APK", Google Play Store, 2016
  Android touchscreen finger-painting app using multitouch detection of surface contact area ("pressure") to draw wider lines.
• [ElectronicsCourse16a] Emant Pte Ltd "Current to Voltage Converter - Analog Electronics Tutorial", http://electronics-source.com / http://emant.com, fetched 2016
  Tutorial and analysis on current-to-voltage converter using op-amp circuit, analysis using Kirchhoff's Laws (KCL). Emant vendor of electronics sensors, instrumentation, kits, data acquisition, motor control and tools for inventors and students: includes LabVIEW. Cites to Raspberry Pi, etc.
• [Exideas16a] Exideas.com "MessagEase: The Smartest Touch Screen keyboard", http://Exideas.com, fetched 2016
  On-screen keyboard for small touchscreens (e.g. smartphones): user touches on key of phone-keypad-style virtual buttons, move in one of eight directions (gesture) to get different characters. Product supports multiple languages, also available for Apple Watch / smartwatch (Apple Watch does not include virtual keyboard). See also 2002 reference in file. Compare with Buxton virtual keyboard?
• [FielderG18a] Fielder, Guy "System and Method for Authenticating Users", US Patent 8,876,771, January 23, 2018
  User authentication on smartphone/touchscreen with stored generated secret. Refers to user credentials, cites to ad-hoc authentication (see).
• [FreyMH17a] Frey, Matthew H.; Robrecht, Michael J.; and Jambor, George F. "Touch Screen Sensor", US Patent 9,823,786, November 21, 2017
  See 8,274,494.
• [FruchardB17a] Fruchard, Bruno; Lecolinet, Eric; and Chapuis, Olivier "MarkPad: Augmenting Touchpads for Command Selection", Proc. CHI 2017, May 6..11, 2017, Denver, Colorado, pp 5630..5642
  Putting marks (visual or tactile) on a touchpad to help organize gestures makes gesture input easier. Marks on borders not as helpful. Compare to bezel menus, Wang Guide, CAD templates from 1970's and PenCad?
• [GaoS16a] Gao, Shu and Nathan, Arokia "Force Sensing Technique for Capacitive Touch Panel", SID Digest of Papers, 2016, pp. 1814..1817
  Add force/pressure sensing to (whole?) capacitive touchscreen with additional layer to measure deflection stress in the touchscreen. Accuracy is less at edges (less flexing), compensated by taking into account where touches are. Mentions coarse/fine sampling to save power: compare with GTCO?
• [GrandiJG17a] Grandi, Jeronimo Gustavo; Debarba, Henrique Galvan; Nedel, Nuciana; and Maciel, Anderson "Design and Evaluation of a Handheld-based 3D User Interface for Collaborative Object Manipulation", Proc. CHI 2017, May 6..11, 2017, Denver, Colorado, pp. 5881..5891
  Use touchscreen plus inertial sensors of smartphone for 3D (6DOF) input for multiple users in collaborative virtual environment shared display.
• [GrossePuppendahlT17a] Grosse-Puppendahl, Tobias; Holz, Christian; cohn, Gabe; Wimmer, Raphael; Bechtold, Oskar; Hodges, Steve; Reynolds, Matthew S.; and Smith, Joshua R. "Finding Common Ground: A Survey of Capacitive Sensing in Human-Computer Interaction", Proc. CHI 2017, May 6..11, 2017, Denver, Colorado, pp. 3293..3316
  Broad overview of capacitive sensing in user interfaces: touchscreens, inter-person coupling (and data transfer), contact with natural object/furniture, pulse sensing on wrist computer, etc. Self-capacitance and mutual-capacitance. Cites to Thermin (1920s). Active (signal injected) vs. passive sensing: passive tends to be less precise because no control of input signal. Modes of loading, shunt, transmit, receive. Overview of ITO, silver and carbon micro-particle ink. 244 references. Earliest capacitive sensing reference is 1907, compare with British papers in file. Discusses hand gestures, proximity sensing in general.
• [HooberS16a] Hoober, Steven "4ourth Mobile Touch Overlay", http://4ourth.com/TouchOverlay, fetched 2016
  Physical template (drawing template) for size of targets, touch zones for touchscreen smartphones: fat-finger. Used as design tool.
• [Humanware17a] Humanware "BrailleNote Apex BT 32 Braille Notetaker", http://humanware.com, fetched 2017
  Eight-key (plus spacebar) braille note taker, single line tactile braille display. Functions as PDA with Microsoft Cindows CE 6: translation to/from Grade 3 Braille, MP3 player, web browser, optional GPS receiver.
• [InterLink16a] InterLink Electronics / Sensor Technologies "InterLink VersaPad Data Sheet: Touchpad for Robust Mousing Applications", InterLink Electronics, 2016
  FSR force-sensitive resistor touchpad as mouse replacement: tap in top corner for right click, tap for left click, tap-and-drag gesture for left-button drag, tap edge continue drag at edge for multiple strokes/swipes, scroll on edges with pressure/force accelerating speed of scroll.
• [JinT16a] Jin, Taiyu; Ryu, Jeongjae; Kang, HanSaem; No, Kwangwsoo; and Park, Sang-Hee Ko "Multi-Level-Pressure Touch Sensors with P(VDF-TrFE) Deposited on Metal Oxide Thin Film Transistor", SID Symp. Digest of Technical Papers, vol 47 no 1, may 1, 2016, pp. 621..624
  Force/Pressure sensing touchscreen using transparent IGZO oxide TFTs with piezoelectric material pressure/force sensor.
• [JorgensenCH16a] Jorgensen, Claus H. "Portable Electronic Device", US Patent 9,473,602, October 18, 2016
  Component layout of thin flip-phone smartphone. "User input section" for keypad/touchscreen.
• [KentDisplays16a] Kent Displays "Product information: Kent Displays Cholesteric Chiral Nematic Displays", Kent Displays, 2016
  File on Kent Displays "magic slate" cholesteric / chiral nematic displays: Boogie Board (see), eWriting/eWriter technology, Jot 4.5. Cites to E-Ink and CLEARink. Leaves physical ink markings, but no inherent touchscreen or tablet input, no computer control of display -- unless combined. Founder is Albert Green.
• [KimCC16a] Kim, Chong-Chan; Lee, Hyun-Hee; Oh, Kyu Hwan; and Sun, Jeong-Yun "Soft Electronics: Highly stretchable, transparent ionic touch panel", Science Magazine, vol 353 issue 6300, August 12, 2016, pp 682..687
  Flexible, stretchable hydrogel/ionic transparent touch panel/touchpad, intended for use as wearable user input device: simulated keyboard, etc. Single touch, not multi-touch.
• [LeoF16a] Leo, Fabrizio; Cocchi, Elena; and Brayda, Luca "The effect of programmable tactile displays on spatial learning skills in children and adolescents of different visual disability", Pre-publication from IEEE Trans. on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 2016
  Use of BlindTab (see) updateable tactile display for the blind/visually-impaired. Cites to difficulty of teaching visually impaired children / education in mathematics and subjects such as geometry.
• [Ludetis16a] Ludetis "Ludetis Paint Box", Google Play Store, 2016
  Android touchscreen finger-painting app using multitouch detection of surface contact area ("pressure") to draw wider lines.
• [Lunatik16a] Lunatik.com "Touch Pen / Touch Pen Alloy / Chubby Stylus", http://lunatik.com, fetched 2016
  Combined capacitive stylus with retractable ballpoint pen, silicone rubber capacitive tip.
• [MagidGlove16a] Magid Gloves "Ironclad Touchscreen Safety Gloves", www.magidglove.com fetched 2016
  Protective industrial gloves with conductive artificial leather in fingers and palm for whole-hand use with capacitive touchscreens.
• [MatsubaraT16a] Matsubara, Takashi; Ozaki, Tomochika; and Tokunaga, Tatsuya "Input Device for Operating Graphical User Interface", US Patent 9,411,424, August 9, 2016
  Remote control of television receiver by hand motions / gestures in front of a camera motion detector. Compare with Mitsubishi?
• [Microsoft16a] Microsoft Corp. "Microsoft Surface Hub Product Specifications", Microsoft Corp., 2016
  Microsoft Surface Hub videoconferencing system. Active stylus, multi-touch. Two (stereo?) video cameras. 55" and 84" display. States "sub-pixel accuracy" on stylus/pen. Capacitive touchscreen.
• [MontbachE16a] Montbach, Erica; Krinick, John; and Khan, Asad "Cholesteric Writing Board Display Device", US Patent 9,229,259, January 5, 2016
  cholesteric electronic ink board (e.g. magic slate), tiled construction expandable to larger size. Physical size of stylus tip determines width of line/mark.
• [MorrisRP16a] Morris, Robert Paul "Graphical User Interface Methods, Systems, and Computer Program Products", US Patent 9,423,954, August 23, 2016
  Two application windows kept in contact at a common border in touchscreen display. Cites to split-screen display of applications, tiled windows.
• [MorrisRP16b] Morris, Robert Paul "Graphical User Interface Methods, Systems, and Computer Program Products", US Patent 9,423,938, August 23, 2016
  Two application windows on touchscreen display, input to one causes effects in other application.
• [PCMagUK16a] Muchmore, Michael "Microsoft Surface Hub", PC Magazine, UK Edition, Ziff-Davis, 2016
  Microsoft Surface: large (55", larger) whiteboard system with video conferencing. Projected capacitive multi-touch touchscreen. Draws finer lines when used with (powered/active) stylus than with finger (contact area?).
• [PeacockG17a] Peacock, Gavin "Gavin Peacock personal correspondence: PenRight / GRiDPeN", Personal email correspondence, January 10, 2017
  Personal note on this bibliography concerning PenRight, GRiDPeN, GRiD, Apple Newton, Palm Pilot.
• [ReynoldsK16a] Reynolds, Kurth; Shepelev, Petr; and Graf, Arnulf "Touch and Display Integration with Force", SID 2016 Digest, pp 617..620
  In-cell capacitive touchscreen display also measures force. Noise/cross-talk addressed in part by routing of traces. Measures force/pressure of single touch by capacitive effects of bending/flexing of front "lens" covering entire display. Individual calibration because of manufacturing variances in display stack.
• [RogersCorp16a] Rogers Corporation "Silicone Rubber: BISCO Material Selection Guide", Rogers Corp., 2016
  General information on silicone rubber (polysiloxanes) materials/products. Hardness/elastomeric durometer value varies shore A 10..75. Used in projected-capacitance multi-touch stylus.
• [RuohoM16a] Ruoho, Mikko; Juntunen, Taneli; Alasaarela, Tapani; Pudas, Marko; and Tittonen, Ilkka "Transparent, Flexible, and Passive Thermal Touch Panel", Advanced Materials Technologies, vol 1 no 7, 2016
  thin transparent touchpanel/touchpad material using thermoelectric touch detection. Sheet material acts as thermocouple under individual sensor pads.
• [SchaedlerJ16a] Schaedler, Jack "Back to the Future of Handwriting Recognition: An Active Essay Revisiting The GRAIL Handwriting Recognizer", https://jackschaedler.github.io/handwriting-recognition, 2016
  Implementation of GRAIL handwriting recognizer from 1966. Revew of smoothing / filtering not just to overcome noise, but also to interpolate to higher accuracy / quantization noise / pixelation. Chain-code quantization of direction in small segments. Corner detection, single-stroke (Unistroke) characters.
• [ScherzP16a] Scherz, Paul and Monk, Simon "Practial Electronics for Inventors, 4th edition", McGraw-Hill, 2016
  Introductory text on electronics circuits and components. Guide to resistor color codes and component labeling. SPICE and www.circuitlab.com circuit simulators. Capacitive sensors for proximity and touch sensing: in two dimensions for touchscreen. Time-to-charge of RC circuit for measuring capacitance. Resistive touch screen (four wire). Force-sensing resistive touch screen using area of contact. Current-to-voltage converter circuits, use of capacitors for simple filters to ground (low-pass) / in series (high-pass).
• [SensorTechnology16a] Hurley, Billy "Vibration Sensors Add New Touch to Prosthetics", NASA Tech Briefs, Sensor Technology, June 2016 pp. 14-15
  In active prosthetic hands, use vibration sensors located back from fingertips to determine texture (and positions of joints) instead of sensors at touching tip of fingertips. Haptic vibration "display" to user.
• [Sensu16a] Sensu "Sensu Artist Brush und Stylus Chrome für Tablet", Amazon.de, 2016
  Stylus/brush (Digitalpinsel) for capacitive touchscreen: brush mimics shape and deformation of physical artist's brush, stylus has soft tip like fingertip.
• [ShapeDad16a] ShapeDad "ShapeDad: Maker special needs solutions", www.etsy.com, fetched 2016
  Vendor for accessible computer aids for quadriplegics, etc. Conductive mouth stick for capacitive touchscreens, Finger stylus (conductive finger glove/sock), conductive head pointer / stylus. Notes customer attempts to use finger sock on non-conductive mouth stick required grounding.
• [SpectraSymbol16a] Spectra Symbol "Spectra Symbol product information: linear potentiometers, thin potentiometer", SpectraSymbol.com, 2016
  Linear touch sensors (touch strips), includes technical theory of operation. SoftPot, ThingPot, MagnetoPoat. Flexible touch sensors, membrane switches (White Flex). Conductive layer, resistive layer, circuit spacer between. Linear sensors can be serpentine, conformable shapes for circular sensors, hand tools, etc.
• [StepOver17a] StepOver International "StepOver International: Signature pads", StepOver Internationa, www.stepover.com, 2017
  Signature pads (touchscreen display). Features include tamper evidence by losing key in volatile memory, built-in dialog and user interface capability, webSignature and webSignatureOffice for signing read-only PDF/A electronic documents. Signature verification refers only to digital tamper-proof signature with 2048-bit digital certificate, not biometrics?
• [StrohmeierP16a] Strohmeier, Paul; Burstyn, Jesse; Carrascal, Juan Pablo; Levesque, Vincent; and Vertegall, Roel "ReFlex: A Flexible Smartphone with Active Haptic Feedback for Bend Input", Proc. TEI '16, February 14..17, 2016, Eindhoven, Netherlands, 8 pp.
  ReFlex: bendable/flexible smartphone, bending gestures combined with haptic feedback: passive force feedback to bending, and vibro-tactile feedback. Hardware uses single strain sensor in center of device. Gestures for cursor movement, flipping pages in electronic book/document.
• [TouchGraphics17a] Touch Graphics "TTT: Talking Tactile Tablet", www.touchgraphics.com, 2017
  Accessibility / teaching tablet for the blind. Tactile graphic sheet (from Braille printer?) fits on tablet, associated tactile template software for audio output (compare Texas Instruments Speak-N-Spell?). Also applications for Livescribe Pulse Pen with pre-printed tactile pages with both Anoto pattern and tactile printing.
• [TownsendRL17a] Townsend, Reed L; Kolmykov-Zoptov, Alexander J.; Dodge, Steven P.; and Scott, Bryan D. "Unintentional Touch Rejection", US Patent 9,594,457, March 14, 2017
  Palm rejection on multitouch touchscreen based on quality metric of reliability of touch input. Compare with palm rejection in MicroTouch. See also 8,659,570, 8,294,686, 8,018,440.
• [TungYC16a] Tung, Yu-Chih and Shin, Kang G. "ForcePhone: Software Lets Smartphones Sense Touch Force", IEEE Pervasive Computing, Oct/Dec 2016, pp. 20..25
  Force (contact strength) detection/measurement on smartphone by playing inaudible high-frequency (18KHz) tone in speaker, determining now much tone is attenuated through smartphone case by contact on touchscreen. Can also detect squeezing of phone body in other hand. Cites to 3D (force-sensing) touch input.
• [WagnerJ16a] Wagner, Jayce "Apple Unveils Brand New MacBook Pro With OLED Touch Bar -- Apple's new MacBook Pro has an OLED Touch Bar that Changes with your Apps", Digital Trends, October 17, 2016
  Press announcements on Apple touch bar: touch strip with high resolution OLED display underneath, can show simulated buttons/icons for applications. E.g. relabeled for emoji in message application, mail options, predictive text selections in word processing. Compare with Nokia touch strips, Wang "Guide"?
• [WangT16a] Wang, Tiejun; Wang, Ximing; and Wang, Tiehong "Method and System for Conduction Business in a Transnational E-Commerce Network", US Patent 6,618,705, September 9, 2003 (Re-issued as RE46140, September 6, 2016)
  E-commerce by locating payment server in separate country to avoid exchange rates. Compare with CertCo?
• [WangT16b] Wang, Tiejun; Wang, Ximing; and Wang, Tiehong "System and Method for Providing Locally Applicable Internet Content with Secure Action Requests and Item Condition alerts", US Patent 9,369,844, June 4, 2016
  E-commerce served by web server geographically proximate/near client, using commercial relevance.
• [WestermanWC16a] Westerman, Wayne Carl "Gesture Learning", US Patent 9,311,528, April 12, 2016
  (multi-touch) gesture training by showing user and example, then providing yes/no response on user making the gesture. Cites to FingerWorks as anonymous reference. Compare with PP and PW?
• [WhiteJ16a] White, Jon (Ed. in Chief) "Apple Watch: The Complete Manual, 3rd ed.", iCreate bookazine series, 2016
  Third-party user guide to Apple Watch. Gestures include touch screen gestures (inc. hard press), side buttons, and proximity gestures (moving hand over face of watch to turn display on/off).
• [Wikipedia16a] wikipedia.org "Swype", http://wikipedia.org, fetched 2016
  Swype: commercial virtual keyboard: move stylus or finger letter to letter without lifting, uses language model and dictionary to guess intended word. Compare with marking menus. Compare with ShapeWriter, gesture input, MessageEase.
• [Wikipedia16b] wikipedia.org "Timeline of Apple Inc. Products", http://wikipedia.org, fetched 2016
  Product introduction dates of Apple products, e.g. iPod, iPod Touch, iPad, iPhone, Mac with mouse, Newton PDA touchscreen,
• [Wikipedia16c] wikipedia.org "Android (operating system)", http://wikipedia.org, fetched 2016
  History of Android OS, for touchscreen devices. Android Inc. acquired by Google in 2005, announced 2007 with Open Handset Alliance.
• [Wikipedia16d] wikipedia.org "Computer mouse", http://wikipedia.org, fetched 2016
  History of Computer mouse: Trackball (roller ball) dates to 1941. Mouse made well-known first with Macintosh 128K.
• [Wikipedia16e] wikipedia.org "Silicone rubber", http://wikipedia.org, fetched 2016
  General information on silicone rubber (polysiloxanes): highly-adhesive gel or liquid until cured or catalyzed. Hardness/elastomeric durometer value varies shore A 10..90. Used in projected-capacitance multi-touch stylus.
• [Wikipedia16f] wikipedia.org "Kalman filter", http://wikipedia.org, fetched 2016
  Kalman filter / finite-impulse filter: predict a value from past history of values, combine with actual new value. Used to reduce statistical noise or other inaccuracies, signal processing, sensors. Noted in Westerman touchscreen.
• [WiseGeek16a] WiseGeek.com "What is a Laptop Touchpad?", WiseGeek.com, fetched 2016
  Touchpad (a.k.a. mousepad) as relative motion device.
• [WooJH16a] Woo, Ji-Hawn and Choe, Won-hee "Wearable Device and Control Method Thereof", US Patent Application 2016/0127624A1, May 5, 2016
  Wristwatch projects keypad image on back of hand or other target area, use hand as touchscreen (optical image). Alternatively project on wall, arm, wrist.
• [XiaH17a] Xia, Haijun; Hinckley, Ken; Pahud, Michel; Tu, Xiao; and Buxton, Bill "WritLarge: Ink Unleashed by Unified Scope, Action, & Zoom", Proc. CHI 2017, May 6..11, 2017, Denver, CO, pp. 3227..3240
  Whiteboard system: selection should not be separate from action. Zoom-Catcher: User selects (rectangular frame) with two hands, pointing with index and thumb of non-preferred hand, then uses one finger of preferred hand to select/specify action (by gesture or menu?).
• [YuP16a] Yu, Ping; Liu, Weiting; Gu, Chunxin; Cheng, Xiaoying; and Fu, Xin "Flexible Piezoelectric Tactile Sensor Array for Dynamic Three-Axis Force Measurement", Sensors 2016, vol 16, pp. 819-ff. June 3, 2016
  X/Y/Z (pressure plus sheer forces) tactile sensor using small pyramids with piezoelectric capacitive sensors at the four corners.
• [ZarateJ17a] Zarate, Juan Jose and Shea, Herbert "Using Pot-Magnets to Enable Stable and Scalable Electromagnetic Tactile Displays", IEEE Trans. on Haptics, vol 10 no 1, January .. March 2017, pp. 106-112
  Mechanical design of BlindPad (see), 4x4 arrays of taxels, using pot-magnets and magnetic shielding. 8mm spacing (compare with Braille tactile displays). Pulling vs. pushing configuration.
• [ZhangY17a] Zhang, Yang; Laput, Gierad; and Harrison, Chris "Electrick: Low-Cost Touch Sensing Using Electric Field Tomography", Proc. CHI 2017, May 6..11, 2017, Denver, CO
  Electric field (capacitive) tomography for multi-touch touch sensing on any object. Mildly conductive/resistive coating (500 to 50 M ohms per square: may be painted) on object surface, inject current at two edge locations, measure current at multiple other edge locations. Current shunted to ground by finger(s) on object. One application: instrument a desk top, user can label any spot as a "button". See other references on electric field sensing.
• [ZhaoH16a] Zhao, Huican; O'Brien, Kevin; Li, Shuo; and Shepherd, Robert F. "Optoelectronically innervated soft prosthetic hand via stretchable optical waveguides", Science Robotics, issue 1, 6 December 2016
  Stretchable touch sensor for robotic skin using waveguide fibers, light lost when fiber is bent. Fibers run circumferentially around fingers of (soft) robotic hand.

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