THE RECOMMENDED BASIC VOCABULARY

THE RECOMMENDED BASIC VOCABULARY Introduction The reasons behind this selection of Latin words as a basic vocabulary for the general reader of Latin literature have been discussed in the first section of this report. As indicated there, the list contains 1,471 Latin words which occurred twenty times or more in the literature examined In this study and at least ten times in the classical Latin alone. They included 83.6 per cent of the words in the three anthologies, and 84.4 per cent of the words in ten short passages from representative classical authors (which had not been included in the anthologies) were found to occur in this list. We therefore predict that this basic vocabulary will enable the reader to recognize directly about 85 per cent (in round numbers) of all the words he will ever read In Latin literature and to deduce the meaning of about 10 per cent more as derivatives or compounds of known words, or as obvious roots of known English derivatives. The line was drawn at this point because the group of words next highest in frequency would enable the reader to recognize directly only an additional 7 per cent of the vocabulary of Latin literature after learning about 1,000 additional words. Of the 1,471 words in the basic vocabulary, about 400 are so closely related in form and meaning to English derivatives and cognates that, in the experience of the writer, they can either be guessed or learned very easily by the average beginning class in secondary schools. This reduces the burden of memorizing the basic vocabulary to about 1,000 words, which should be learned by secondary school pupils in two years, or in one year by the mature reader In college or in later life. It is hoped that these words will be embodied in easy reading materials, or selected for special emphasis from present reading materials, and learned as they occur in reading. The recommended basic vocabulary was first issued as a single alphabetical list. The writer found this list very difficult to use in writing easy Latin for beginners, and his pupils were unable to use it effectively as a review of what they had learned. The present list, therefore, has been arranged in groups of related words, including words which are easily confused, and which must be carefully distinguished. All the nouns relating to the gods are put first, then to time, then to the four elementsair, fire, water, and earth, then to plants, food, animals, people, parts of the body, mind, feelings, etc. Verbs, adjectives, and adverbs have similar classification, but the lists of pronouns, conjunctions, and prepositions were so short that we felt nothing would be gained by dividing them. When an adjective is related to a noun, as patrius to pater, it Is listed with that noun, and not listed among the adjectives. This principle holds for all related words. All the compounds of a word within the designated range of frequency are listed with that word. Pero seems to be the best example of the force of the common prefixes; nearly all its compounds occur frequently enough to be included, and all have important English derivatives. Words which must be distinguished are prefixed by the abbreviation d. For example, after aer we have d. aes, aer-, aether, aura, d. auris, d. aurum, ventus. Such word-groups were classified and checked so systematically that the teacher may feel confident that all words in the basic vocabulary which are related in form or Idea have been brought together. Even within each word-group words are arranged In such sequence that closely related 'words are brought near together. This arrangement brought together many near- synonyms for which it was sometimes impossible to find English equivalents which would validly distinguish one from another. We could invent such distinctions, but the larger dictionaries gave instances which belied our distinctions. We therefore assigned Identical English equivalents to many of these near-synonyms, with the understanding that each synonym would fit one meaning or another of the English equivalent, depending on the context. A few apparent etymological "howlers" may be d18Covered among the groups of related words. For example, with vito, shun, we put vitium, vice; with iuvo, please, we put iuvenis, iuventa, and iuventus, referring to youth. All such juxtapositions are intended only as a mnemonic device. Our "related" words are not necessarily related in their etymology, but in every way which pupils have found useful In remembering them. False etymologies are, In fact, a very useful source of suggestions of words which are easily and naturally remembered together.. Teachers who are especially interested in etymology should welcome a few such instances as opportunities to teach their pupils how true etymologies may be distinguished from false. After arranging the recommended basic vocabulary in groups of related words, we thought it would be unnecessary to go to the added expense of printing it alphabetically as well, since these words occur alphabetically in our "Vocabulary of Latin Literature" on pages 44-80. If any question arises as to whether a given word is in our recommended basic vocabulary, it should be looked up in this other list, and if it occurs twenty times or more in the three anthologies combined, and at least ten times in the classical Latin alone, then It will be in the basic vocabulary. To find it there (for purposes of discovering words related to it), consult the list of "classifications used in the recommended basic vocabulary" on page 86, and look through those under which it would most naturally be classified. It is hard to support this classification into related word-groups with such scientific evidence as we have adduced for our prior contentions, but we are confident that any pupil, teacher, or textbook-writer who tries to use it will feel its superiority to an alphabetical arrangement. The word-groups almost suggest stories, and each word suggests other words which should be introduced at about the same time. If we are to write a story about the gods, for example, we turn to our section on the gods and find there a goodly store of nouns to begin with. If we are to explore their habitat, we can use many of the words listed under "sky." If a god is to go somewhere, we can consult the list of "Verbs Which Express or Affect the Location of the Subject," and find the preferred modes of locomotion. In all these lists we can be confident that all of the most important words in the Latin language pertaining to this subject have been assembled. As a review list, for getting the new words a pupil has learned into good order in his mind, the word-groups are invaluable. The chief criticism of the recommended basic vocabulary will undoubtedly be leveled at the poverty of its accessories. It does not indicate quantity, gender, or the number of conjugation or declension. It omits the infinitive of verbs and the genitive of nouns, except that when the stem of a noun changes from nominative to genitive, the stem is given without the genitive ending. For example, genus appears as genus, gener-. In a very few cases this truncated stem is hard to pronounce (e.g., patr-), but we found by experiment and practice that words are learned as easily by the silent association of visual symbols as by vocalization, so we simply did not pronounce such stems. Where spoken Latin is emphasized, however, the genitive ending might well be added in these few cases. The writer has no objection if any teacher or textbook writer wishes to extend this skeletal organization to include the usual trappings of a word-list. He is anxious for the list to appear in this form, however, to illustrate how the acquisition of a useful vocabulary is simplified by his system of interpreting the Latin word-endings. It makes no use of quantity, gender, declensions, or conjugations. It does not require a knowledge of what endings can be used with what nouns, pronouns, and adjectives, since these are "given" In reading; hence the genitive is unnecessary. It assumes that verb-forms built upon the present stem can be recognized from the first person singular of the present tense as readily as from the infinitive, and all the rules for interpreting "penultimate signs" take this assumption into account. These rules even assert that the present stem is approximately the same (for our purposes) as the first dictionary form of verbs. While this statement will undoubtedly curl the hair of the orthodox grammarian, we know of no instance in the three years during which this system was taught in which a pupil failed to recognize a verb-form built on the present stem for lack of knowledge of the infinitive. On the other hand, the writer believes that the common rule that the present stem is the present infinitive minus -re confuses the pupil when he comes to deponent verbs, and makes no sense in the third conjugation. The stem of duco may technically be duce-, but it appears only twice in the future and throughout the imperfect subjunctive: almost nowhere else. We might as well say that the present stem of duco is duco, and save one-quarter of the work of learning principal parts. The basic vocabulary includes a few English equivalents of each Latin word, not with the idea that these equivalents cover the total range of meanings of these Latin words, but with the idea of extending the immediate usefulness of the list by offering a few "core-meanings" of these words which could helpfully be remembered. We must not confuse the functions of a basic vocabulary with those of a dictionary. To offer the whole range of meaning of a word like rego to a beginner would only confuse him. With our core-meanings as a base, he can extend his acquaintance with such words as he encounters them in different contexts. The basic vocabulary also offers English derivatives, in which the Latin root is recognizable, whenever they could be found. These are distinguished by parentheses, except when the derivative is identical or almost identical with the English equivalent of the Latin word. In some cases these are not true derivatives of the word with which they appear. Some are cognates, and some are derivatives of other forms of these words which do not appear in our list. In all such cases technical accuracy was sacrificed to the additional meaning which could be thrown upon either the English or the Latin word by putting them together. We used Lindsay's "Etymological Study of the Ten Thousand Words in Thorndike's Teachers' Word Book" as a source of suggestions, but did not confine ourselves to it. Many of the most helpful and interesting derivatives occur beyond this range of frequency. The basic vocabulary, therefore, presents the barest minimum of information about the most important words in the Latin language with the aim of stripping the acquisition of useful vocabulary of all non-essentials in the writer's system of interpretation. It is frankly a word-list to be used with this system of interpretation, and to illustrate its simplification of the task of learning to read Latin. Those who use the list may add to this minimum to any extent which they find helpful. Al such additions should be made, however, only after careful con sideration of the additional burden they will impose upon an already difficult task. Classifications Used in the Recommended Basic Vocabulary I. Nouns and Related Words 1. Gods 2. Time 3. Sky 4. Fire 5. Water 6. Earth 7. Plants 8. Food 9. Animals 10. People 11. Body 12. Mind 13. Peelings 14. Talk 15. Writing 16. Work and Play 17. City and Buildings 18. Military 19. Government 20. Social Approval 21. Evil 22. Death 23. Abstractions and Unclassified II. Pronouns III. Verbs and Related Words 1. Verbs Which Express or Affect the Location of the Subject 2. Verbs Which Affect the Location of the Object 3. Verbs Which Express or Affect the State of the Subject 4. Verbs Which Affect the State of the Object 5. Constructive Activities 6. Destructive Activities 7. Verbs Affecting Other Verbs 8. Vocal Activities 9. Mental and Sensory Operations 10. Favor 11. Disfavor IV. AdJectives and Related Words 1. Size 2. Number 3. Texture-Density 4. Appearance 5. Position 6. Time 7. Favorable 8. Unfavorable 9. Unclassified V. Adverbs 1. Time 2. Place 3. Cause-Manner 4. Adversative VI. Interjections VII. Conjunctions VIII. Prepositions and Prefixes I. Nouns and Related Words 1. Gods deus god di or dii gods (deity: deify) dea goddess divinus divine divus divine (diva) d. dives, divit- rich nympha Nymph religio, religion- religion templum temple ara altar vates prophet, soothsayer, poet votum vow, prayer (vote) devoveo, devovi, devotus devote numen, numin- divine will or power, divinity (Literally a nod, from nuo, to nod, expressing a god's purpose to do something) fatum fate fortuna fortune sors, sort- lot, luck 2. Time tempus, tempor- time (temporary, contemporary, pro tempore) aetas, aetat- age (Died aet. 92 means at the age of 92) aevum age saeculum age aestas, aestat- summer d. aestus heat, tide, wave, storm ver Spring vernus Spring-like, vernal hiems winter, storm annus year (annual) mensis month (menstrual) d. mensa table (mesa) dies day (diary, sine die) nox, noct- night nocturnus nightly (nocturnal) tenebrae darkness umbra shade, shadow (umbrella) somnus sleep (insomnia, somnolent) somnium dream hora hour mora delay (moratorium) moror, moratus dep. delay, linger 3. Sky mundus world, universe, heavenly body (mundane) d. mundus neat, clean orbis circle, world (orb) caelum sky (ceiling) caelestis heavenly (celestial) caeruleus blue (caerulean) polus pole of the earth, sky sidus, sider- star, constellation, season (sidereal) stella star, planet (stellar, constellation) astrum star (astral, astrol sol sun (Old Sol, solar) aer air (aerial, aeroplane) d. aes, aer- copper, brass, money aether upper air, heaven (ether) aura air, breeze d. auris ear d. aurum gold ventus wind (ventilate) nubes cloud tempestas, tempestat- season, weather, tempest imber, imbr- shower, storm nix, niv- snow niveus snowy 4. Fire ignis fire (ignite, ignition) incendium big fire (incendiary) accendo, accensus light a fire, kindle flamma flame cinis ciner- ashes (incinerate) fax, fac- fire-brand, torch focus hearth, fireplace (focus, focal) 5. Water aqua water (aquatic, aquarium) aequor water, sea mare sea (marine, submarine) pontus the deep, sea d. pons, pont- bridge pelagus sea, ocean ora shore ripa bank (riparian) litus, litor- shore, beach aestus tide, wave, storm, heat d. aestas summer unda wave (undulate) sinus bay, gulf, curve, fold (sinuous, insinuate) fretum strait gurges, gurgit- whirlpool (rugurgitate) rivus stream (river, rivulet, derive) amnis stream lacus lake fons, font- spring, fountain pons, pont- bridge d. pontus sea navis ship, boat (navy, naval) ratis raft, boat classis fleet, class velum sail (veil) 6. Earth terra earth, land (terra cotta, terrain, terrestrial) tellus, tellur- earth, soil humus ground, soil (humus) rus, rur- the country (rural) rusticus rural, rustic ager, agr- field, land (agrarian) agricola farmer (agriculture) arvum ploughed or sown field campus plain, field (campus, camp) pratum meadow mons, mont- mountain rupes cliff, rock collis hill valles valley saltus dale, ravine, glade antrum cave (antrum) saxum stone, rock lapis stone jewel (lapidary, dilapidated) marmor marble aes, aer- copper, brass, money d. aer air aurum gold (Chemical symbol Au.) d. aura air, breeze d. auris ear aureus golden ferrum iron (Chemical symbol Fe., ferrous) 7. Plants silva forest (silvan) nemus, nemor- wood, grove lucus sacred grove d. luctus grief arbor tree (arbor, arboreal) frons, frond- foliage (frond) d. frons, front- forehead folium leaf (folio, portfolio) ramus branch (ramify) robur, robor- oak, strength (robust, corroborate) palma palm (tree and hand) gramen, gramin- grass herba grass, plant, herb hortus garden (horticulture) semen, semin- seed (semen, seminar, disseminate) seges, segit- crop, hedge messis harvest, crop d. mensis month d. mensa table flos, flor- flower (floral, florist) floreo, florui to flower (florish) sertum garland of flowers, wreath rosa rose laurus laurel lilium lily 8. Food cibus food epulae banquet, feast fames hunger (famine) d. fama report, rumor, fame mensa table (mesa) d. mensis month d. messis harvest poculum cup vinum wine pomum fruit mel, mell- honey 9. Animals animal animal grex, greg- flock, herd (gregarious) egregius outstanding (egregious) pecus, pecor- cattle pecus, pecud- one head of cattle, beast pecunia money (pecuniary) Cattle were once used as money. equus horse (equine) eques, equit- horseman, man of the middle class (equestrian) bos, bov- cow (bovine) taurus bull (toreador) iuvencus young bull or cow, ox ovis sheep cornu horn, wing of an army (cornet) canis dog (canine) lupus wolf leo, leon- lion (leonine) avis bird (aviator, aviary) ales, alit- winged thing, bird penna feather (pen) serpens, serpent- snake (serpent) anguis snake piscis fish (piscatorial) 10. People populus people (popular, populace, vox populi) plebs common people, lowest class of free men in Rome (plebeian) vulgus the crowd, common herd (vulgar) vulgo, vulgavi, vulgatus publish, announce, make public (Vulgate Bible) turba mob, throng, tumult turbo, turbavi, turbatus disturb, throw into confusion, rout (turbulent) gens gent- clan, breed, class (gentleman) genus, gener- race, birth, kind (generate) gigno, genui, genitus give birth to (genetics) homo, homin- man as opp. to animal (homicide) humanus human vir man as opp. to woman (virile) virtus virtut- courage (vir tue) d. vis, vir- violence, force mulier woman femina woman, female (feminine) puer boy (puerile) puella girl adulescens, adulescent- young man virgo, virgin- virgin, maiden senex, sen- old man (senile) senectus, senectut- old age senatus senate familia family parens, parent- parent pario, peperi, partus give birth d. paro, paravi, paratus prepare d. pareo, parui, paritus obey, appear pater, patr- father (paternal, patriarch) patria fatherland (patriotic) mater, matr- mother (maternal, matriarch) frater fratr- brother (fraternity, fratricide) soror sister (sorority) proles offspring (proletarian) filius son (filial) filia daughter gener son-in-law nepos, nepot- nephew, descendant (nepotism) dominus master (dominate) domina mistress princeps, princip- chief (prince, principal) principium origin, beginning socius ally, friend (society) comes, comit- comrade, companion vicinus neighbor (vicinity) hospes, hospit- stranger, guest (hospitality) heres, hered- heir (hereditary) minister, ministr- servant (minister) famulus servant, slave barbarus foreigner, barbarian pauper poor man, pauper 11. Body corpus, corpor- body (corporal, incorporate) caput, capit- head (capital) coma hair capillus a hair (capillary) crinis hair, looks facies form, figure, face, manner vultus face, expression, look frons, front- forehead (front) d. frons, frond- foliage oculus eye (oculist, binocular) os, or- mouth (oral) d. os, oss- bone (ossify) osculum kiss (osculate) dens, dent- tooth (dental) lingua tongue (language) gena cheek cervix, cervic- neck (cervix) collum neck (collar) pectus, pectror chest (expectorate) cor, cord- heart (cordial) sanguis blood (sanguine, sanguinary) tergum back bracchium arm gremium lap, embrace manus hand (manual, manufacture) dexter, dextr- right hand (dexterity) sinister, sinistr- left hand (sinister) laevus left palma palm (hand and tree) digitus finger (digit) pes, ped- foot (pedal) impedio impedivi, impeditus hinder (impede) expedio, expedivi, expeditus set free, set forth, explain, be useful to (expedite) pedes, pedit- foot soldier passus pace; milia passum miles (lit. thousands of paces) vestigium footstep, trace (vestige) membrum limb, member forma form, face, manner formosus beautiful figura form, shape, figure species appearance, idea, kind imago, imagin- image, idea, ghost habitus condition or appearance of the body, dress (habit) vestis clothing (divest) 12. Mind animus mind, soul, courage, will anima breath, life, soul (animate) mens, ment- mind, intellect (mental) ratio, ration- reason, theory (rational) ingenium genius, talent, nature (ingenious) memoria memory memor mindful memoro, memoravi, memoratus remind, mention memini remember obliviscor, oblitus forget spontis sponte of one's free will (spontaneous) 13. Feelings ira anger (ire) irascor, iratus become angry (irascible, irate) furor anger, madness (fury) odium hatred (odium fides faith, trust fidelis faithful (fidelity) fidus faithful confido, confisus trust, confide spes hope spero, -avi, -atus hope despero despair clementis mercy, clemency deliciae pleasure, pet, darling 14. Talk sermo, sermon- talk (sermon) clamor outcry, clamor, shout clamo, clamavi, clamatus cry out tumultus tumult d. tumulus mound murmur murmur rumor rumor iocus joke 15. Writing verbum word (verb, verbose) littera letter (of alphabet) litterae writing (literature) epistula letter (epistle) versus verse, line of poetry fabula story (fable) historia history charta sheet of papyrus titulus title, inscription lyra lyre chorus chorus, dance poeta poet auctor author ars, art- art 16. work and Play labor labor, work d. labor, lapsus to fall (collapse) laboro, laboravi, laboratus work opus, oper- a work (opus) negotium business (negotiate) merx,merc- merchandise wares pretium price (precious) ops, op- resources, power, help otium leisure, rest (otiose) quies, quiet- rest quiet quiesco, quievi, quietus to rest, be quiet 17. City and Buildings urbs city (urban) via street (viaduct, via) obvius in the way of (obvious) iter, itiner- road, journey (itinerary) murus wall (mural) turris tower (turret) domus home villa country house, estate limen, limin- threshold (eliminate) ianua door (janitor) aula hall, palace columna column thalamus bedroom torus couch, knot 18. Military miles, milit- soldier (milltary) militaris military, soldier militia military service cohors, cohort- cohort, company of soldiers legio, legion- legion, regiment legatus commander of a legion, military officer, ambassador arma arms armo, armavi, armatus to arm telum weapon gladius sword (gladiator) ensis sword arcus bow (arc) sagitta arrow (Sagittarius) arx, arc- citadel, high fortified part of a city moenia walls, ramparts castra camp castellum fortress (castle) bellum war (bellicose) proelium battle impetus attack (impetus, impetuous) pax, pac- peace (pacify, Pacific) signum sign, standard, banner significo, -avi, -atus indicate (significant) victor victor victoria victory vinco, vici, victus conquer d. vincio, vinxi, vinctum bind triumphus triumph praeda booty (prey) hostis enemy (hostile) custos, custod- guardian, sentinel custodian) custodia care, custody praesidium guard, garrison, help periculum peril, danger auxilium help (auxiliary) 19. Government civis citizen (civic) civilis civil, civic civitas state (city) ius, iur- right, law (de jure) iustitia justice iustus just iniuria injustice, injury iudex, iudic- judge (judicial) iudicium trial, judgment lis contention, controversy, suit lex, leg- law (legal) carcer prison (incarcerate) forum forum, public square curia senate house, court, curia provincia province corona crown 20. Social Approval fas right, lawful nefas wrong unlawful (nefarious) mos, mor- custom (mores, morals) decus, decor- honor, ornament munus, muner- duty, office, favor, reward (remunerate) praemium reward (premium) honos, honor- distinction, honor honestus honorable, distinguished laus, laud- praise esteem (laud, laudatory) laudo, laudavi, laudatus to praise fama report, rumor, fame d. fames hunger (famine) gloria fame, renovni glory gratia charm, grace, favor, thanks, for the sake of (gratitude) gratus pleasing ingratus not pleasing 21. Evil clades destruction luctus grief d. lucus grove lacrima tears scelus, sceler- crime fraus, fraud- fraud, deceit culpa fault, blame (culpable) furtum theft (furtive) insidiae ambush, treachery (insidious) venenum poison (venom) error error, mistake erro, -avi, -atus wander, stray (erratic) crimen, crimin- accusation, charge (incriminate) poena punishment, penalty vulnus vulner- wound (vulnerable) d. vultus face, expression verber lash, blow (reverberate) verbero, -avi, -atus to lash 22. Death mors, mort- death (mortal) mortuus dead (mortuary) mortalis mortal morior, mori, mortuus die morbus disease (morbid) letum death, destruction (lethal) nex, nec- slaughter (internecine) funus, funer- funeral, ruin rogus funeral pyre sepulcrum tomb, sepulchre sepelio, -ivi, sepultus bury tumulus mound, grave d. tumultus tumult monumentum monument manes shades, spirits of the dead 23. Abstractions and Unclassified natura nature causa cause materia material res thing, affair, matter pondus, ponder- weight (pound, ponderous) moles mass, heap onus, oner- burden (onus, onerous) onero, -avi, -atus load, burden copia supply, stores (copious) locus place (local, locus) loco -avi, -atus to place (locate) situs site spatium space vita life (vital) vis, vir- force, violence, strength d. vir man (virile) vicis change, in turn (vice versa) finis end, finish finio, -ivi, -itus to end, finish initium beginning (initial) modus manner, way (mode) quomodo in what way, how? exemplum example ordo, ordin- order, class in society condicio condition discrimen turning point, crisis dividing line (discrimination) pars, part- part nemo. nemin- no one nihil or nil nothing (annihilate, nihilist) numerus number (numeral) numero, -avi, -atus to number, count nomen, nomin- name (nominal) nomino, -avi, -atus name (nominate) color color odor odor rota wheel (rotate) II. Pronouns ego I me me mecum with me meus my mihi to me nos we, us nobis us, to us noster our tu you (singular) te you tecum with you tuus your tibi to you vos you (plural) vobis you, to you vester, vestr- your se or sese himself, herself, itsself, themselves (refers to subject). secum with him, her, it, them sibi to him, her, it, them suus his, her, its, their alius other, another (alias) alienus strariger, foreigner (alien) aliter otherwise alter the.other (alter) alternus alternate ceterus the rest (plural) others (et cetera) hic this, he, she, it, Stem h- with usual endings except haec sub. subs. objs. it, she, they, this, these hanc obj. it, her, this hoc sub. obj. adv. it, him, this hunc obj. it, him, this huius adj. of it, him, her, this huic adv. it, him, her, this ille that, he, she, it is this or that (not so definite as hic or ille, and used chiefly to refer to something or someone already mentioned), he, she, it. Except in is (sub.) and id (sub. obj.) the stem is e- with regular endings. idem same (same forms as is followed by -dem) iste your, this or that of yours ipse himself, herself, itself, themselves, that very (for emphasis) uter, utr- which, which of two, one of two uterque, utr--que each of two, both qui, quis who, which, stem qu- except In cuius adj. whose, of whom, of which cui adv. to whom, to which The following are called "indefinite pronouns" and are exceedingly hard to remember and to distnguish from one another. In the beginning it may be better to associate the following meanings with all of them, and translate according to the context: someone, something, anyone, anything, certain, each, whoever, whatever. All have the forms of qui or quis before the suffix (e.g., cuiuscumque) except aliquis and quisquis. (In the latter, both qui's have identical forms throughout.) aliquis someone, something quicumque whoever, whatever quidam a certain one or thing quilibet anyone or thing you please quisnam vho then? what then? quisquam anybody, anything quisque everyone, everything, each quisquis whoever, whatever III. Verbs and Related Words 1. Verbs Which Express or Affect the Location of the Subject eo (stem I- or e-) iturus go abeo go away adeo go toward, approach circumeo go around exeo go out, leave (exit) ineo go into, enter upon (initial) obeo go against, die (obituary) pereo perish praetereo pass over, omit redeo return subeo go under, approach, follow transeo go through (transmit) peto, petivi, petitus go after, seek, ask (petition) repeto seek again, repeat pergo, perrexi, perrectus go on, continue, proceed propero, -avi, -atus hasten, hurry curro, cucurri, cursus run (curriculum, current) concurro run together (concur, concurrent, concourse) occurro run against, occur cursus course, race currus chariot fluo, fluxi, fluctus flow (fluid, fluent) flumen, flumin- river fluvius river fluctus wave (fluctuate) venio, veni, ventus come advenio come toward adventus arrival (advent) convenio come together (convention) evenio come out, happen (event) invenio come upon, find (invent) pervenio come through, arrive cedo, cessi, cessus go, yield, give up accedo approach (accede) concedo go away, withdraw (concede) decedo depart, die (decease) discedo depart excedo go away, go beyond, exceed incedo advance, enter procedo go forward, proceed recedo go back, recede vado go, walk, hasten evado go out, escape, result (evade) vadum shallow, shoal, ford, bottom vagus wandering, unsettled (vague) fugio, fugi, fugitus flee (fugitive, refuge) fuga flight vito, -avi, -atus avoid, shun (inevitable) vitium vice appareo, apparui, apparitus appear (apparition) lateo, latui be hidden, escape notice (latent) iaceo iacui, iaciturus lie (adjacent) d. iacio, ieci, iactus throw incumbo, -cubui, -cubitus lie upon, apply to (incumbent) cubile bed, lair cado, cecidi, casus fall (cadence, decadent) accido, accidi happen (accident) incido, incidi fall on, meet (incident) casus fall (casualty, case) labor lapsus dep. fall, slip (lapse, collapse) d. labor labor ruo, rui, rutus fall, be ruined, rush ruina ruin, fall surgo, surrexi, surrectus rise (resurrection) orior, ortus dep. rise, begin (origin, orient ) exorior rise up, rise from ascendo, ascendi, ascensus ascend descendo descend sto, steti, status stand (station,static) asto stand by, assist consto exist, consist, continue, be certain insto stand on, follow closely, press on (instant) obsto stand in the way of, block (obstacle) praesto stand before, show sedeo, sedi sit (session, sedentary) resido, -sedi, -sessus sit down, sink down (resident) sedes seat maneo, manui, mansurus remain (immanent, permanent) habito, -avi, -atus live in, inhabit occupo, -avi, -atus seize, occupy intro, -avi, -atus enter intra inside of, within egredior, egressus go out (egress) ingredior, ingressus go in, enter, begin penetro, -avi, -atus penetrate, enter tango, tetigi, tactus touch (tangible, tact, tactile) contingo, contigi, contactus touch, concern, happen (contingent, contact) haereo, haesi, haesus stick, cling to, stand still (adhere, adhesive) sequor, secutus dep. follow (sequence, subsequent) consequor follow, obtain (conquence) persequor follow, pursue, punish (persecute) secundus following, second, favorable (since a following wind was favorable) comitor, comitatus dep. accompany, follow 2. Verbs Which Affect the Location of the Object moveo, movi, motus move (motion) removeo remove (remote) fero, tuli, latus bring, carry affero, attuli, allatus bring to aufero, abstuli, ablatus carry away confero, collatus bring together confer, collate) defero carry down, report (defer) differo distuli scatter (differ) effero, extuli bring out, utter infero bring on, attack (infer) offero, obtuli offer, place before perfero carry through praefero carry before, show, prefer profero bring forth, advance (proffer) refero bring back, report, it matters, it Is important (refer, relate) transfero transfer, convey, change translate) porto, -avi -atus carry (portable) portus port porta gate (portal) veho, vexi, vectus carry, bear (vehicle, convey) gero, gessi, gestus carry,, carry on (digest) tollo, sustuli, sublatus lift, remove (extol) traho, traxi, tractus drag, draw , take (traction, tractor) detraho take down or away, lover, humiliate (detract) tracto, -avi, -atus drag, handle, manage (tractable) duco, duxi, ductus lead, raw (induce) adduco lead towards (adduce) deduco lead down, accompany (deduce) educo lead out, raise up (educate) reduco lead back, reduce dux, duc- leader (duke) mitto, misi, missus send, send forth or away, throw (mission, missive, transmit) admitto send to, let go, admit amitto send away, lose committo begin, entrust to (commit) dimitto send away, stop (dismiss) permitto permit, give up, throw promitto promise, send forward remitto send back, concede, grant (remit) mando, -avi, -atus entrust to, command (mabdate) commendo entrust to, recommend pello, pepuli, pulsus drive, strike expello, expuli, expulsus drive out, expel impello drive upon, push forward (impel) pulso, -avi, -atus strike, beat, knock (pulse) ago, egi actus do, drive, act (agent) agito, -avi, -atus drive about, vex, consider, observe agmen, agmin- column of soldiers, band cogo, coegi, coactus force (cogent) exigo, exegi, exactus demand, require, exact (exigent) perago finish, relate, go through urgeo, ursi urge, drive on, press (urgent) iacio, ieci, iactus throw (abject, conjecture) adicio throw at (adjective) deicio throw down (dejected) inicio throw into or on (inject) obicio throw against, oppose, expose (object) proicio throw forward (project, projectile) subicio throw under, place under, subdue (subject) traicio throw across, bring across (trajectory) iacto, -avi, -atus throw about, boast, discuss ictus blow, stroke, accent (of verse) d. iaceo, iacui, iaciturus lie, recline do, da-, dedi, datus give, offer, put addo, -didi, -ditus add, give to, place circumdo, -dedi, -datus surround, put around prodo, -didi, -ditus bring forth, betray reddo, -didi, -ditus give back, return subdo, -didi, -ditus put under, subdue, substitute trado, -didi, -ditus give up, hand over, communicate (tradition) dono, -avi, -atus present (donation) donum gift praebeo, -bui, -bitus offer, furnish, give tribuo, -bui, -butus give as a share, attribute pono, posui, positus place, put, Iay (position, postpone, posture) appono place near, put to (opposite) compono put together, compose, arrange depono put down, put aside (deposit) impono put upon or in (impose) propono put forward, propose iungo, iunxi, iunctus join, unite, connect (junction, juncture) iugum yoke coniungo join together (conjunction, conjugate) coniunx, coniug- mate, wife, husband (conjugal) maritus husband (marital) uxor wife (uxorious) necto, nexui, nexus tie, fasten, connect figo, fixi, fixus fix, fasten, attach, transfix misceo, miscui, mixtus mix, mingle mergo, mersi, mersus dip, immerse, sink pendo, pependi, pensus hang, weigh, consider, pay (pension, pensive) suspendo suspend, hang up (suspense) pendeo, pependi hang, depend on impendeo overhang (impend) induo, indui, indutus put on, assume (endue) edo, edi, esus eat (edible) d. edo, edidi editus give out, publish (edit) bibo, bibi, bibitus drink (imbibe, bib) haurio, hausi, haustus empty, draw out (exhaust) fundo, fudi, fusus pour, scatter (diffuse) effundo pour out (effusive) libo, -avi, -atus pour a libation, sacrifice, touch, take from capio cepi, captus get, take (capture) accipio, -cepi, -ceptus accept concipio conceive, catch, receive decipio deceive (deception) excipio except, take out, take up incipio begin (incipient, inception) percipio perceive (perception) recipio take back, recover, receive suscipio undertake (susceptible) captivus captive rapio, rapui, rutus seize, snatch, grab (rapture) corripio, -ripui, -reptus seize, lay hold of eripio snatch away, rescue carpo, carpsi, carptus pluck (carping) deprehendo, -prehendi, -prehensus catch, perceive sumo, sumpso, sumptus take, select, assume consumo consume, spend emo, emi, emptus buy (exempt, preempt) habeo, habui, habitus have, hold adhibeo, adhibui, adhibitus apply prohibeo prohibit possideo, -sedi, -sessus possess teneo, tenui, tentus hold contineo hold together, contain obtineo obtain pertineo pertain retineo retain sustineo sustain relinquo, reliqui, relictus leave, abandon (relinquish) reliquus remaining (relic) linquo leave, depart desero. -serui, -sertus desert, forsake vendo, vendidi, venditus sell (vendor) pando, pandi, passus spread out, expand, explain instruo, instruxi, instructus arrange, furnish, draw up in order of battle, instruct sterno, stravi, stratus strew, lay low, cover (stratum) spargo, sparsi, sparsus scatter (sparse) quatio, quassi, quassus shake verto, verti, versus turn, change, overthrow averto turn away, avert adversus turned away, adverse, hostile converto convert, turn towards diversus turned apart, different, diverse reverto turn back, return (revert) vertex, vertic- top verso, -avi, -atiis turn around, be engaged in volvo, volvi, volutus roll, revolve, ponder aperio, aperui, apertus open (aperture) comperio, comperi, compertus find out experior, expertus try (experiment) operio, operui, opertus cover reperio, repperi, repertus find claudo, clausi, clausus close (clause) 3. Verbs Which Express or Affect the State of the Subject sum, esse, fui, futurus be. Irregular forms: am are was will be is were ---- ---- ------- I sum eram ero you es eras eris he est erat erit we sumus eramus erimus you estis eratis eritis they sunt erant erunt subjunctive pres. past be were ----- ----- I sim essem you sis esses he sit esset we simus essemus you sitis essetis they sint essent fore is an alternative form for futurum esse will be, is about to be; forem, fores, etc. are alternative forms for either essem, esses, etc., were, or fuissem, fuisses, etc., had been When used with past participle (last dictionary form of verbs) denotes passive voice: e.g., clausus est, it was closed; clausus erat, it had been closed; clausus erit, it will have been closed; clausus sit, (if) it were closed; clausus esset, (if) it had been closed. absum, abesse, abfui or afui, afuturus be away, be absent adsum, adesse, affui or adfui, be present desum, deesse, defui be lacking prosum, prodesse, profui be useful or advantageous to, profit supersum, superesse, superfui be over and above, survive, remain futurus about to be, the future possum, posse, potui be able, can (potent, possible) (a combination of pot- and sum, with the forms of sum as above in the present, past and future, the t in pot- changing to s before another s; hence possum rather than potsum, etc. potens, potent- powerful (potent) potentia power (potential) potestas, potestat- power potis able; potior, potius preferable, rather; potissimum chiefly, above all mereo, merui, meritus merit, deserve nascor, natus, dep. be born, spring from, arise (nascent) natus offspring, child vivo, vixi, victus live, be alive vivus alive, lively convivium banquet, feast (convivial) spiro, -avi, -atus breathe, blow, inspire spiritus spirit, breath exsisto, or existo, exstiti, exstitus arise, come into existence cresco, crevi, cretus increase, grow augeo, auxi, auctus cause to increase, strengthen (augment) abundo, -avi, -atus abound, overflow pateo, patui be open, be clear, extend (patent) vireo be green, vigorous, youthful viridis green palleo, pallui be pale (pallid) rubeo, rubui be red, blush (ruby) ardeo, arsi, arsus burn, glow, desire, be in love (ardent, arson) ardor heat, ardor arduus steep, difficult (arduous) uro, ussi, ustus burn up (combustion) fulgeo, fulsi shine, lightning (refulgent) fulmen, fulmin- thunderbolt luceo, luxi be bright, be daylight, be clear or evident (lucent, translucent) lucidus bright, clear, lucid lumen, lumin- light (illuminate, liminous) luna moon lux, luc- light mico, micui shine, sparkle, vibrate niteo, nitui shine, be brilliant, be sleek nitidus shining, handsome, polished careo, carui, cariturus be without, lack, miss, want egeo, egui be without, be in need, be destitute, be poor parco, peperei or parsi, parsus spare, be moderate or frugal, refrain from (parsimony) vaco, -avi, -atus be empty, be free of, be at leisure (vacant) vacuus empty, free from, unoccupied (vacuum) dormio, dormivi, dormitus sleep (dormitory) imitor, imitatus dep. imitate, copy simulo, -avi, -atus make like, represent, feign, simulate simulacrum likeness, portrait, statue 4. Verbs Which Affect the State of the Object muto, -avi, -atus change (mutation, transmute) flecto, flexi, flexus bend (deflect, flexible) torqueo, torsi, tortus twist, torture tendo, tetendi, tensus stretch, tend, contend intendo, intendi, intentus aim, intend, direct, be intent on ostendo, ostendi, ostentus or ostensus show (ostensible, ostentation) tero, trivi, tritus rub, wear (trite) percutio, percussi, percussus strike (percussion) premo, pressi, pressus press, pursue opprimo, oppressi, oppressus oppress, press down, crush rego. rexi. rectus rule, direct, govern dirigo direct, guide erigo erect, raise, lift porrigo extend, stretch out rectus straight, right (rectitude) rex, reg- king (regal) regina queen regius royal regio, region- region regno, -avi, -atus reign, rule regnum kingdom (reign) vincio, vinxi, vinctus bind vinculum bond, fastening, chain cingo, cinxi, cinctus gird, surround (cincture) solvo, solvi, solutus loosen, untie (solve, dissolve) absolvo absolve, acquit, free divido, divisi, divisus divide, separate, distinguish tego, texi, tectus cover (protect) tectum roof, dwelling pingo, pinxi, pictus paint, stain, dye, color (depict) tempero, -avi, -atus be temperate, refrain from., temper exstinguo, exstinxi, exstinctus extinguish (extinct) torreo, torrui, tostus heat, parch, burn (torrid, toast) excito, -avi, -atus excite, arouse citus quick exerceo, exercui. exercitus exercise, train, use, practice exercitus army paro, -avi, -atus prepare comparo prepare, compare d. pareo, parui, paritus obey d. pario, peperi, partus give birth 5. Constructive Activities facio, feci, factus make, do (fact) afficio, -feci, -fectus affect, irifluence conficio finish, get, weaken, destroy deficio fail, revolt (defect, deficit, defection) efficio bring about, effect interficio kill perficio accomplish, complete (perfect) praeficio put in charge of (prefect) proficio make progress, help (proficient) reficio make again, restore sufficio suffice, put under, supply fio, factus be made, become (-fy as in satisfy) facilis easy (facility) officium office, duty fingo, finxi, fictus conceive, fashion, make, feign (fiction) condo, condidi, conditus build, found, keep, conceal creo, -avi, -atus create utor, usus dep. use (what is used Is usually in the "ablative case'-adverb form) usus use, experience, usus est it is necessary utilis useful (utilize) utilitas usefulness (utility) orno, -avi, -atus ornament, honor, equip lavo, lavi, lautus or lavatus vash, bathe (lavatory) pasco, pavi, pastus feed, eat, graze pastor shepherd (pastor) alo, alui, altus or alitus nourish, support (alimentary) almus foster, kind (Alma Mater) altus tall, deep (altitude) colo, colul, cultus cultivate, live in, study, pay attention or respect to cultus cultivated or cultivation, worship (cult) munio, munivi, munitus fortify, build, protect, strengthen (munitions) defendo, defendi, defensus defend servio, servii, servitus serve be a slave to (subserivent) servitium slavery, service servus slave (servant) servo, -avi, -atus save (preserve) 6. Destructive Activities noceo, nocui, nocitus harm, injure (noxious) caedo, cecidi, caesus kill, cut (homocide) caedes (slaughter) occido, occidi, occisus kill, die laedo, laesi, laeous injure (collide, lesion) lacero, -avi, -atus lacerate, wound ferio strike d. fero bear pugno, -avi, -atus fight (pugnacious) corrumpo corrupt, destroy frango, fregi, fractus break (fracture, fragment) neglego, neglexi, neglectus neglect, disregard perdo, perdidi, perditus ruin, destroy, lose (perdition) pecco, -avi, -atus sin, err, commit a crime (impeccable) damno, -avi, -atus condemn, sentence damnum damage, injury 7. Verbs Affecting Other Verbs oportet must, ought debeo, debul, debitus be obliged, owe, ought (debt) decet, decuit it is fitting, proper (decent) licet, licuit it is permitted, may (license) conor. conatus try tempto, -avi, -atus try, attempt (tempt) coepi begin cesso, -avi, -atus stop, cease, be idle 8. Vocal Activities dico, dixi, dictus say, tell (dictation) indico, -avi, -atus indicate, make known aio, ais, ait, aiunt (no other forms) say inquam, inquit, inquiunt (few other forms) say loquor, locutus talk speak, say (loquacious, elocution) eloquentia eloquence fateor, fassus dep. confess, admit confiteor, confessus dep. confess, acknowledge narro, narravi, narratus tell, relate (narrate) nuntio, -avi, -atus announce nuntius (messenger) respondeo, respondi, responsus respond, answer quaero or quaeso, quaesivi, quaesitus ask, inquire, beg, try to get queror, questus complain, bewail (querulous) requiro, -quisivi, -quisitus ask for, need (require) rogo, -avi, -atus demand, entreat (postulate) oro, -avi, -atus speak, pray, beg oratio, oration- oration, speech orator orator, speaker precor, precatus pray beg, curse (imprecation) prex, prec- prayers curse consulo, consului, consultus consult, consider consilium plan, consultation, wisdom consul consul (head of Roman government) moneo, monui, monitus advise, warn (admonish) hortor, hortatus dep. urge, exhort, encourage iubeo, iussi, iussus order, command impero, -avi, -atus order, command (imperative) imperator commander, emperor imperium an order, right to command veto, vetui, vetitus forbid, prevent (veto) nego, -avi, -atus deny, say no (negative) iuro, - avi, -atus swear (jury, conjure) cano, cecini, cantus sing, play a musical instrument, prophesy canto, -avi, -atus sing, play cantus song, poetry (chant) carmen, carmin- poem sono, sonui, sonitus sound, resound, shout sonus sound, noise sonitus sound, noise voco, -avi -atus call (vocal, vocation) revoco call back (revoke) vox, voc- voice appello, -avi, -atus name, call by name (appellation) sileo, silui be silent silentium silence taceo, tacui, tacitus be silent (tacit) tacitus silent, secret (taciturn) 9. Mental and Sensory Operations video, vidi, visus see (visible) invideo envy (verb) invidia envy (noun) (invidious) viso, visi, visus look at, come to see, call upon (visit) cerno, crevi, cretus distinguish, decide decerno decide, decree, resolve tueor, tutus look at, look after, guard (tutor) intueor, intuitus gaze at (intuition) tutus safe specto, -avi -atus look at (spectator) exspecto wait for, expect aspicio, aspexi, aspectum look at (aspect) conspicio catch sight of perceive (conspicuous) despicio look down on, despise (despicable) respicio look back, reflect (respect) suspicio look up to, look upwards, suspect audio, audivi, auditus hear (audience) auris ear (aural) d. aura air, breeze d. aurum gold vigilo, -avi, -atus watch, be awake (vigilant) sentio, sensi, sensus feel, perceive, think (sentient, sentiment) sensus sense, feeling sententia opinion, thought, sentence intelligo or intellego, -lexi, -lectus understand, know (intelligent, intelligible) scio, scivi or scii, scitus know (science) nescio not know, be ignorant of nosco, novi, notus become acuainted with, recognize, know (noted) agnosco perceive, recognize, acknowledge cognosco become acquainted with, perceive, recognize, know (cognition) censeo, censui, census give an opinion, think, vote, take a census, estimate, censor reor, ratus dep. think, suppose, judge reus accused person, defendant in a trial credo, credidi, creditus be lieve, think, (credit, incredible) cogito, -avi, -atus consider, reflect, think (cogitate) cogitatio, cogitation- cogitation, reflection puto, -avi, -atus think, suppose, reckon (repute, dispute, etc.) arbitror, arbitratus dep. think, judge (arbitrate) existimo, -avi, -atus think, judge, decide statuo, statui statutus decide, think, stand, set up (statute) constituo, -ui, -utus establish, determine appoint (constitute) instituo establish, arrange, decide, introduce (institute) destino, -avi, -atus settle, resolve, aim, make fast (destine) sino, sivi, situs permit, allow, situate desino stop, cease (desist) volo, velle, volui (irregular forms vis, vult, vultis, velim, vellem) wish, be willing (volition) nolo, nolle, nolui be unwilling, not wish malo, malle, malui (mavis, mavult, mavultis) prefer voluntas voluntat- wish, consent (voluntary) voluptas, voluptat- pleasure (voluptuous) d. volo, -avi, -atus fly (votatile) volucer, volucr- flying, a bird consuesco, -suevi, -suetus be used to, accustomed to assuetus accustomed to consuetudo, consuetudin- custom soleo, solitus be accustomed to disco, didici learn (disciple) disciplina training, discipline doceo, docui, doctus teach (dicile, doctor) lego, legil lectus read, select (legible) colligo collect eligo elect, select scribo, scripsi, scriptus write (scribe, script) ignoro, -avi, -atus not know, be ignorant of fallo, fefelli, falsus fool, deceive, escape notice, be mistaken fallax fallac- deceitful, false (fallacious) falsus false dubito, -avi, -atus doubt, hesitate dubius doubtful, dubious, hesitant 10. Favor amo, -avi, -atus love (amiable) amor love (amorous) amicitia friendship amicus friend (amicable) inimicus enemy, unfriendly (inimical) foveo, fovi, fotus cherish, keep warm complector, complexus embrace, surround, grasp nubo, nupsi, nuptus marry (nuptial) curo, -avi, -atus care for, take care of, cure cura care, anxiety securus free from care, secure diligo, dilexi, dilectus love, like, esteem diligens, diligent- diligent dilectus beloved, dear probo, -avi, -atus approve, prove, show plaudo, plausi, plausus applaud faveo, favi, fautus favor, help miror, miratus dep. wonder, be astonished, admire mirus wonderful, astonishing (miracle) celebro, -avi, -atus celebrate, visit frequently or in large numbers, throng, honor, make known veneror, -atus dep. venerate, worship libet, libuit, libitum it pleases, is agreeable (ad lib.) libens, libent- willing libido, libidin- desire, lust (libidious) placeo, placui, placitus please, be agreeable (placats) placidus placid, gentle iuvo, iuvi, iutus please, delight, help iuvenis youth, young man or woman (juvenile, rejuvenate) iuventa youth iuventus, iuventut- youth fruor, fructus dep. enjoy fructus fruit, enjoyment, profit frux, frug- fruit, produce gaudeo, gavisus rejoice gaudium joy rideo, risi, risus laugh (deride) ludo, lusi, lusus play ludus game, school salveo be well, used chiefly in the greeting salve and salvete like our "hello!" salus, salut- safety, health (salute) salvus safe, sound (salvation) valeo, valui, valitus be strong prevail, goodbye (valedictory) validus strong (valid) desidero, -avi, -atus desire, long for, miss, lose desiderium a desire opto, -avi, -atus desire (option) cupio, cupivi, cupitus desire, yearn cupido, cupidin- a desire (Cupid) cupidus eager, fond, greedy studeo, studui be eager, zealous, strive for, want (student) studium study, zeal, fondness studiosus eager, diligent, studious audeo, ausus dare audax, audac- daring, bold (audacious) certo, -avi, -atus struggle, contend certamen a struggle, contest 11. Disfavor caveo, cavi, cautus beware, watch out for (caution) timeo, timui be afraid (timid) timor fear vereor, veritus dep. fear, revere metuo, metui, metutus fear metus fear, dread horreo, horrui shudder, bristle (horror) horridus rough, shuddering, horrible terreo, terrui, territus frighten, terrify terror terror, fear patior, passus dep. suffer, endure (patient) doleo, dolui, doliturus suffer pain, grieve (doleful) dolor grief pain (dolorous) maereo be sad, mourn maestus sad fleo, flevi, fletus weep, cry pudeo, pudui, puditus be ashamed, cause shame, disgrace pudor shame resisto, restiti resist, oppose, stand sperno, sprevi, spretus spurn, despire contemno, contempsi, contemptus despise, hold in contempt IV. Adjectives and Related Words 1. Size magnus big great, large (magnify) maior, maius bigger, greater (major) maximus biggest, greatest (maximum) magis more, rather magnitudo, magnitudin- greatness, magnitude magister, magistr- master, teacher (magistrate) largus plentiful, liberal, generous grandis great, large, grand immensus immense ingens, ingent- huge, vast tantus so great, so much quantus how great, how much (folowing tantus, as) (quantity) altus tall, high, deep (altitude) latus broad, wide (latitude) d. latus, later- side (lateral) parvus little, small minor, minus smaller, less (minor, minus ) minimus smallest, least (minimum) parum too little, less exiguus very little, tiny tenuis thin, weak (tenuous) longus long brevis short (brevity) gravis heavy, serious (gravity) levis light (levity) levo, -ari, -atus raise (lever) amplus ample, large modicus moderate (modicum) 2. Number aequus equal, fair, just (equity, iniquity) par equal, like pariter in like manner, alike quot how many? (quota) omnis all (omnipotent, omnibus) cunctus all, the whole totus whole, entire, all (total) tot so many universus whole (lit. turned into one) multus much, many (multiply, multiple) plus, plur- more (plus, plural) plurimus most multitudo multitude, large number paucus few, scarce (paucity) paulus little, small rarus rare, few, scattered nullus none, no (nullify, null, annul) ullus any unus one (unit, unify) unicus only, sole, unique singulus single, one at a time solus only, alone, sole solitudo solitude primus first (prime, prime,) prior, prius former, prior duo two (duet, dual) geminus double, twin tres three (trio) ter three times tertius third (tertiary) quartus fourth (quarter) quinque five (quintet) sex six (sextet) septem seven (septet) octo eight (octave, octagon) novem nine (November) decem ten (decimal, December) centum hundred (C., per cent, century, centipede) mille thousand (M., millennium, millimeter) 3. Texture-Density acer, acr- sharp, keen, brave acies line of battle firmus firm, strong firmo, -avi, -atus strengthen mollis soft (mollify) lenis gentle (lenient) lentus slow mitis mild (mitigate) tener tender plenus full (plenty, plenary) compleo, -plevi, -pletus fill up expleo fill up impleo fill up inanis empty (inane) vanus empty, void, vain cavus hollow (cave) densus dense, thick creber thick, frequent frequens crowded, numerous liquidus liquid 4. Appearance albus white (albino) candidus shining white (candidate) niger, nigr- black (Negro) ater, atr- black, dark (atrium) obscurus dark, obscure purpureus purple pulcher, pulchr- beautiful pinguis rich, fat nudus bare, nude 5. Position celsus lofty, high sublimis high, exalted, sublime medius in the middle of (medium) planus plain, level, flat inferus lower, lower world, dead (inferior) infernus lower, lower world (infernal) humilis low, humble profundus deep, profound extremus last, extreme, end secretus secret privatus private publicus public, res publica the state communis common (community) proprius one's own, special (property) 6. Time aeternus eternal immortalis immortal perpetuus perpetual vetus, veter- old (veteran) vetustas, vetustat- age, antiquity antiquus ancient, old (antiique) priscus former, ancient maturus mature, ripe novus new (novel, Nova Scotia) recens, recent- recent praesens, praesent- present assiduus constant, steady (assiduous) celer swift (celerity, accelerator) velox, veloc- swift, rapid (velocity) rapidus rapid, violent, devouring citus quick tardus slow, late (tardy) 7. Favorable bonus good (bonus, bona fide) bene well (benefit) benignus kind (benign) melior, melius better (ameliorate) optimus best (optimist) pius dutiful, God-fearing, pious pietas virtue, piety, devotion impius impious, godless fortis brave, strong nobilis noble liber free liberalis suitable to a freeman, generous, noble (liberal) libero, -avi, -atus set free libertas, libertat- liberty d. liber, libr- book (library) libellus little book (libel) sapiens, sapient- wise (sapient) sapientia wisdom sanus sane, healthy notus noted, known noto, -avi, -atus mark, note ignotus unknown clarus famous praecipuus special, distinguished insignia distinguished, outstanding dignus worthy (dignify) dignitas, diagnitat- dignity dignor, -atus dep. consider worthy indignus unworthy verus true (verity, veritable) vero in truth, really felix, felic- happy, fortunate (felicity) infelix unhappy unfortunate beatus blessed (beatitudes) laetus joyful serenus serene, fair weather contentus contented prosperus prosperous, fortunate dives, divit- rich divitiae wealth dis, dit- rich uber rich, abundant, udder dulcis sweet (dulcet dulcimer) suavis sweet, pleasant (suave) blandus flattering, tempting (blandishment) carus dear iucundus joyful, jolly (jocund) commodus easy, convenient, obliging, fit purus pure merus pure, unmixed integer, integr- whole, upright (integrity) castus chaste sacer, sacr- sacred, holy sacerdos, sacerdot- priest (sacerdotal) sanctus holy, sacred, saint sollemnis solemn festus sacred, festive 8. Unfavorable malus bad (malice, mal- as in maltreat) vilis vile, common, worthless foedus foul, filthy turpis disfaceful, base (turpitude) improbus bad, wicked crudelis cruel ferus fierce, wild, savage d. fere almost saevus raging, violent dirus dire, horrible severus severe, strict asper rough, harsh (asperity, aspersion) durus hard, harsh, enduring (durable) vastus ruined, laid waste (devastated) miser poor, wretched (miserable) miseror, miseratus dep. pity (comiserate) tristis sad anxius anxious sollicitus worried, agitated (solicitous) aeger, aegr- sick fessus tired, exhausted lassus weary, languid (lassitude) caecus blind stultus stupid (stultify) rudis rude, rough, uncultivated avidus greedy, eager, avid invitus unwilling, (not invite) 9. Unclassified talis such qualis as, what sort of (quality) necesse necessary necessitas necessity, need, relationship similis like (similar, simile) simplex simple varius varied aptus apt, fitting, fastened to certus certain incertus uncertain vehemens, vehement- vehement, violent frigidus cold, frigid (refrigerator) frigus, frigor- cold (noun) V. Adverbs 1. Time olim once, formerly quondam once, sometime nuper recently simul at the same time (simultaneous) iam now, already nunc now protinus or protenus immediately statim immediately, on the spot subito suddenly repente suddenly mox soon mane early, in the morning cras tomorrow (procrastinate) tandem finally, at last denique finally, at last numquam never umquam ever quotiens or quoties how many times (quotient) semel once iterum again (reiterate) rursus back, again bis twice (bicycle) saepe often diu for a long time semper always usque even, up to, continuously interim meanwhile interea meanwhile interdum meanwhile quando when aliquando sometimes, at some time tum then tunc then 2. Place hic here hinc from here, hence huc to this place, hither adhuc up to this time ibi there ibidem in the same place (ibid.) illic there, at that place illuc thither, to that place inde thence, from that place deinde thereupon, then, next penitus deeply foris outdoors, not at home passim everywhere, here and there procul far off, at a distance ubi where (in) quo where (to) unde whence, from where undique everywhere, on all sides 3. Cause--Manner cur why quare why, wherefore, on what account ergo therefore, then, so igitur therefore, then, so ideo therefore, then, so sic thus, so, in this manner sicut as, just as ita so, thus, in such vise itaque and so, therefore item also, likewise, in like manner tam so, so far, so much, to such a degree tamquam as, as if, just as quam how, in what way, how much, than, as quamvis as much as you please, ever so much, exceedingly, however much satis enough (satisfy) nimis too much nimius too much, too great, too long plerusque for the most part, generally frustra in vain (frustrate) 4. Adversative non not haud not at all nondum not yet neve or oneu and not, nor; neve ... neve neither, nor forsitan perhaps paene almost fere almost d. ferus wild vix hardly, scarcely modo only, sometimes saltem at least immo rather (contradicting a previous statement as not being strong enough) tamen nevertheless, however, yet VI. Interjections ecce or en look! see! heu alas! too bad! io hurrah! 0 0 scilicet of course, to be sure quippe certainly, by all means VII. Conjunctions et and, et...et both ... and -que (attached to a word) and etiam even, also, yet, again quoque also atque or ac and, and also at but sed but aut or, aut ... aut either ... or autem however, on the contrary vel or, vel ... vel either ... or -ve (attached to a word) or velut as, just as nam or namque for enim for, indeed quidem indeed, at least d. quidam someone an whether, or nec or neque and not, nor ne lest, that...not, not -ne (attached to a word) sign of a question, translated only by changing the English word-order to question form ut or uti that, in order that utinam 0 that! would that! cum when, since, although (as preposition, with) dum while donec until quoniam since quia because quod because quamquam although si if sive or seu or if, whether...or quasi as if nisi unless etsi although quin lest, that ... not, rather VII. Prepositions and Prefixes ante before (in time) (antebellum) antea before prae before, in front of, on account of (English pre- as in predict, pre-war) praeter besides, beyond, more than, except (preternatural) praeterea besides, further pro for, before, in place of, in proportion to (pro-German) prope near proximus nearest (approximate, proximity) propinquus near, neighboring (propinquity) propter near, on account of ob on account of, towards, at, in the way of (object) ad to, toward (advertise; the d frequently changes to other letters as in accede, affix, allot, announce, appetite, arrive, assent, attempt, etc.) in in, at, on (as prefix sometimes means not: inability, improper) inter between, among (interurban, international) apud at, near, at the house of, in the words of circum around (circumnavigate, circumference) circa about, in the neighborhood of contra against, opposite (contradict) super over, above, more than (superhuman, supernatural) supra over, above, more than superior higher, upper, former supremus or summus highest, last (supreme summit) supero, -avi, -atus overcome, conquer superbus proud, arrogant sub below, under (of time) about, just before (submarine) (as prefix in Latin sometimes has the meaning "up from under" hence up as in succedo, English success) infra below, beneath (infra-red) per through (perfect, persist) extra outside of (extra-mural, extra-curricular) sine without (sinecure) a or ab from, away from (abduct, abhor , abnormal) de from, down from, concerning (defend, depend) ultra beyond, on the other side of (ultra-modern) ulterior farther, beyond (ulterior) ultimus farthest, last (ultimate) e or ex out of, from (emit, eject , export) post after (postpone, postscript) postea afterwards postquam after posterus later, the following, the future (posterity) postremus last con- or com- together (confer, compress) dis- apart, not (dispel, disregard) re- back, again (recall, revise) trans- across (translate, transport) PREFACE THE WORD COUNT THE COUNT OF INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS THE METHOD OF TEACHING THE VOCABULARY OF LATIN LITERATURE THE RECOMMENDED BASIC VOCABULARY APPENDIXES First Three Hundred Latin Words in Order of Frequency Supplementary List of Words Important Chiefly in Medieval Latin Words in the Present College Entrance Examination Board Latin Word List Which Occurred Less than Five Times in the Literature Examined BIBLIOGRAPHY VITA