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XII --NOTES

CHAPTER I

1. Kenneth Davis, FDR, The Beckoning of Destiny, New York, 1973; log of the president's trip in Wilson Brown papers, Naval Academy.

2. For the aborted meeting with the Japanese leaders, see Shizhang Hu, Stanley Hornbeck and the Open Door Policy , Westport, Conn. 1995, 181ff.; R.J.C. Butow, The John Doe Associates, Stanford, Cal., 1974; Frederick W. Marks, III, Wind Over Sand, Athens, Ga.,1988, 53-58; Orville H.Bullitt, ed., For The President, Boston, 1972. James B. Lane, The Poindexter Administration, MA Thesis, U. Hawaii, 1966; Pearl Harbor hearings, vol. 20,4482-4484.

3. The Organic Act is 31Stat153, April 30, 1900. Lawrence Fuchs, Hawaii Pono, New York, 1961; testimony of Walter Short in Pearl Harbor hearings, vol. 7.

4. Knox to Drum, March 13, 1933 in Knox papers, Lib. Cong.

5. For the Massie case, see Peter Van Slingerland, Something Terrible Has Happened, New York, 1966; Theon Wright, Rape in Paradise, New York, 1966; Kevin Tierney, Darrow New York, 1979, ch. 35.

6.Yates Stirling, Sea Duty, New York, 1939; Adm.Pratt to Adm. Henry Willey, Jan. 13,1932, Box 2, Pratt papers, Naval Historical Center.

7. For Stimson-Roosevelt meeting, see Stimson diary, Jan.9, 1933; Richard N. Current, Secretary Stimson; A Study in Statecraft, New Brunswick, 1954; Fuchs, Hawaii Pono, 190-194; For Lindsey candidacy, see Albert B. Rollins Jr., Roosevelt and Howe, New York, 1962, 390; Ickes diary, Lib. Cong.,and Box 2, Appointments, in Office of Territories files(OT) 9-4-87; Nat. Arch.; Charles E. Larsen, The Good Fight The Life and Times of Ben B. Lindsey, Chicago, 1972; Lindsey to wife, May 26, 1933, and to Leo Levy, Apr. 10, 1933, in Lindsey papers, Lib. Cong. Tierney, Darrow, ch. 35; For Poindexter's views, see Lane, The Poindexter Administration, ch. 7, quoting the Honolulu Advertiser, Feb.1, 1941.

8. Log of the president's trip, New York Times, Honolulu Star Bulletin, July 22-30, 1934; Stetson Conn, et al Guarding the United States and Its Outposts, Washington, 1964, 154ff.

9.Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, vol. 3, 350-351; Ken Ringle, Sr.,The Japanese Question in the United States, Ringle family papers

10.. Wells to Poindexter, Aug. 3, 1934, and Yarnell to Poindexter, Aug. 22, 1934; Poindexter to Roosevelt, Nov. 15, 1934; War Dept. Plans Div., to Ernest Gruening, n.d., all in OT 9-4-87; Wells testimony in Pearl Harbor hearings, vol. 28, and Turner's in vol. 4, 2045; See John Major's, "The United States, Japan, and the Panama Canal," in Robert W. Love, ed., Pearl Harbor Revisited, New York, 1995, and his "FDR and Panama," Historical Journal, 28(2)1985, 357-377.

11 .Joseph Barber, Hawaii, Restless Rampart, Indianapolis 1941; Ickes diary, June1,1934.

12. Drum to Adj. Gen, Sept. 21, 1935; in AG381, Defense Mission; Jim Marshall," Hawaii Wants a Star," Colliers, 20:76-79, Oct. 19, 1940..

13..For the Royal Hawaiian incident, FDR' instructions and the sequel, see Joint Board of the Army and Navy papers, JB 304, Serial 593, Nat Arch.. For the spies, Time, July 27, Aug. 24, 1936, New York Times, July 26, 1936. William R. Braisted, The United States Navy in The Pacific, 1902-1922, Austin 1971, 135; for the entertainment of Japanese sailors, see Elliott Thorpe, East Wind Rain, Boston, 1960, 23.

14. Don Whitehead, The FBI Story, New York, 1958, 158-160.

CHAPTER II

1.Ted Morgan, FDR, New York, 1985.ch. 1, and 60-61;. Neumann," Roosevelt's Options and Evasions in Foreign Policy Decisions," in Leonard Liggio and James E. Martin, eds., Watershed of Empire, Colorado Springs, 1976. For FDR's family background see his distant cousin Joseph Alsop's FDR, New York, 1982.

2. William L. Neumann, America Encounters Japan, Baltimore, 1963, and "Franklin D. Roosevelt and Japan," Pacific Historical Review, 22:143-153, May, 1953.

3.Barbara Tuchman, The Zimmerman Telegram, New York, 1958, ch. 2; H. F. Pringle, The Life and Times of William Howard Taft, New York, 1939, vol. 2, 713-715. Stimson diary.

4. Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin, New York 1971, 211.

5. Davis, The Beckoning of Destiny.

6.Jonathan Daniels, The End of Innocence, New York, 1954, 107-108.

7.Morgan, FDR.

8. Neumann, America Encounters Japan, ch.8; C. Northcote Parkinson, East and West, New York, 1965; Tuchman, Zimmermann Telegram, 58-59.

9. George Kennan wrote off FDR as a lightweight in an introduction to a collection of letters between William Bullitt and the president, see Orville Bullitt, ed., For The President, xiv-xv; Morgan, FDR.

10.Ibid..

CHAPTER III

1.William Manchester, American Caesar, New York, 1978, 173, 176-178; D. Clayton James, The Years of MacArthur, vol. 1, Boston, 1971; New York Times, Oct. 4, 1935; Geoffrey Perret, Old Soldiers Never Die, New York, 1996, ch. 11.

2. 48Stat456, Mar. 24, 1934.

3. Oliver Pilat, Drew Pearson, New York, 1973; Perret, Old Soldiers, ch. 11; for FDR keeping Pratt on. see William Standley, Admiral Ambassador to Russia, Chicago, 1955, 27.

4.Manchester, American Caesar, ch. 4.

5. Joseph A. Hayden, ltr., unsent, to Jesse Reeves, Item HI-2, Hayden papers, Bentley Library, U. Michigan. Hayden was vice-governor of the Islands. J. Woodford Howard, Mr. Justice Murphy, Princeton, 1968; New York Times, Oct. 3, 4, 15, 1935.

6. See Hayden letter, above.

7. Manchester, American Caesar, ch.4; Perret, Old Soldiers, 72 .

8. Louis Morton," War Plan Orange, Evolution of a Strategy," World Politics, 11:221-250, 1959; Secy War to C/S, Mar. 11,1936 and C/S to Secy. War, 27 May, 1936.,.Op. Div. File, 3909,. Nat. Arch.

9. Manchester, American Caesar, ch.4. Ickes diary, July 8, 1939; Perret, Old Soldiers, ch. 13; Michael Schaller, Douglas MacArthur, The Far Eastern General, New York, 1989, 36-39. For McNutt's views see S. Bernard Thomas, Season of High Adventure, Berkeley, 1996, 221.

10.The Philippines Herald, June 22-27; Manila Tribune, June 23, 24, 1938; Schaller, MacArthur; Sec'y War to Sec'y State, June 23, 1938 in State Dep't. file 811B, under Quezon, Nat. Arch.

11.Grew to Sec'y State, # 419, 451, 3107, June 28, July 8,9, 1938, ibid., New York Herald-Tribune, July 6, 9, 1938.

12. Memo of conversation between Sayre and Quezon, Feb. 28, 1940, Sayre papers, Lib. Cong.; ltr., FDR to Sayre, Jan. 7, 1941 in Pearl Harbor Attack hearings, vol. 20:4248-4249; diary of Admiral Thomas C. Hart, April 3 and 4, 1941, Naval Historical Center..

CHAPTER IV

1. Martha Byrd, Chennault, Tuscaloosa, 1987; Jack Samsom, Chennault, Garden City, 1987; New York Times, August 1937; Kenneth Davis, FDR; Into The Storm, New York, 1993, 136-137; Ickes diary, Aug. 8, 16, 1937; Dorothy Borg, The United States and the Far Eastern Crisis of 1933-1938, Cambridge, Mass., 1964, 318ff; Kemp Tolley, Yangtse Patrol, Annapolis, 1971, 239ff. History of USS Augusta on Internet.

2. Neumann, America Encounters Japan; Henry L. Stimson, and McGeorge Bundy, On Active Service in Peace and War, New York, 1947.

3.Barbara Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, New York, 1971; Ickes diary, Oct. 9, 1937.

4.Standley ms. for book, Standley papers; Lib. Cong. Hornbeck diary, June 1935, and Hornbeck to Standley, Aug. 20, 1935, Hornbeck papers, Hoover Institution Library; James C. Thomsen, Jr., "The Role of the Department of State," in Dorothy Borg and Shumpei Okamoto, Pearl Harbor As History, New York, 1973; Hu, Stanley Hornbeck, 180ff.

5. Joseph Grew, Turbulent Era, 2 vol. Boston, 1952.

6.Luigi Barzini, O America, New York, 1977 ; Tolley, Yangtse Patrol, 244ff.. Joseph B. Icenhower, The Panay Incident, New York , 1977; Borg, The United States and the Far Eastern Crisis, 486ff.; Iris Chang, The Rape of Nanking, New York, 1997, 67-77; Foreign Relations of the United States ,1937, vol. 4, Far East, 255, 485ff.

7..Ibid.; Ickes diary, Dec. 18, 1937; William Leahy, I Was There,New York, 1950, 128-129; Marks, Wind Over Sand, 65.

8. Icenhower, The Panay Incident.

9. Ickes diary; Davis, FDR; Into the Storm, 154ff.

10.Hu, Stanley Hornbeck..

11.Standley, Admiral Ambassador, ch2; letters between FDR and Reeves in President's Personal File and President's Official File, FDR Library.

12. Neumann, America Encounters Japan.

13. Ibid.

14.J.O. Richardson, On the Treadmill to Pearl Harbor, Washington, 1973; B. Mitchell Simpson, III, Admiral Harold R. Stark, Columbia, S.C., 1989, 54ff.

15. Samuel Eliot Morison, The Two Ocean War,Boston, 1963; see Pearl Harbor hearings, vol.14:933ff.

16. Robert J. Quinlan, "The United States Fleet: Diplomacy, Strategy, and the Allocation of Ships (1940-1941)" in Harold Stein, ed., America Civil-Military Decisions, U. Alabama, 1963; Elliott Roosevelt and James Brough, A Rendezvous With Destiny, 265.Richard Hewlett and Oscar Anderson, The New World, University Park, Pa., 1965, 71-72;

17. Louis de Jong, The German Fifth Column in the Second World War, New York, 1973, ch. 6.
L.C. Gardner, A Covenant With Power, New York, 1984, 43-45; Davis, FDR;Into the Storm, 152-154; Christopher Andrew, Her Majesty's Secret Service, New York, 1986, 477-478; Ickes diary, Nov. 7, 1939, has Frank Murphy suggesting to FDR that Ickes, if appointed, would get ‘real control of the Navy.' Leonard Mosley, Lindbergh, New York, 1976, 256-260; on Kennedy's appointment, see Potter, Men, Money, and Magic, The Story of Dorothy Schiff, 158.

18. Conn, et al, Guarding, 327..

19.Joint Board 305, Serial 55.

20. Martin Gilbert, Churchill, New York, 1991; David Carlton, "Churchill in 1940: Myth and Reality, "World Affairs,: !56(2)97ff., Fall 1993..

21. Daniels diary;

22. Wilson Brown log of president's trip , Naval Academy library.Anthony Cave Brown, The Last Hero, New York, 1982, 175-177.

CHAPTER V

1. ‘Not enough Navy to go around,' FDR to Ickes, Ickes diary, July 5, 1941, Richardson, Treadmill, Cave Brown, The Last Hero,175-177; Bradley F. Smith, The Shadow Warriors, New York, 1983, 30-31; De Jong, The German Fifth Column, ch. 5; Robert Dallek, Franklin Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, New York, 1979, 226.

2. Ibis., 243; Ellis Zacharias, Secret Missions, New York, 1946; and in Pearl Harbor hearings, vol. 7.. Richardson, Treadmill, 445; Simpson, Admiral Stark, 60-61; Joel R. Davidson, The Unsinkable Fleet, Annapolis, 1996, 28.

3. See articles by Russell Weigley and Waldo Heinrichs in Pearl Harbor As History.. Also Richardson, Treadmill, and Simpson, Admiral Stark, 66-77.

4. Wesley F. Craven and James L. Cate, eds. The Army Air Forces in World War II,, vol. 1, Chicago, 1948. Stimson diary, Oct. 16, 1941; Michael S. Sherry, The Rise of American Air Power, New Haven, 1987, ch. 4.

5. Forrest Pogue, George Marshall, Ordeal and Hope, 1939-1942, New York, 1966 ,50.

6. Thomas M. Coffey, Hap, New York, 1982, ch. 12; Davis, FDR; Into the Storm, 400-404. Bullitt, ed., For the President, 303; Sherry, The Rise of American Air Power ,ch.4

7. Ibid', 399-415; Craven and Cate, eds.,The Army Air Forces in World War II, 600-604, 635; Robert J. C. Butow,"The FDR Tapes," American Heritage, 33{2}8-24, Feb.- Mar, 1982.

8. Morison, The Two- Ocean War; Conn, et al Guarding, 161ff.

9. Ibid., Marshall, "Hawaii Wants a Star," Icenhower, The Panay Incident.

10. Gwenfread Allen, Hawaii's War Years, Honolulu, 1950; Honolulu Star-Bulletin, May 1,1941.

11. Pearl Harbor hearings, vol:17:2870ff. for consular agents; vol. 4:2945 for sampans.

12. Ickes diary, July 20, Aug. 3, 1940; Francis Biddle, In Brief Authority, Garden City, 1962; War Plans to Marshall, sub., Prop. legis. to strengthen def. of Hawaiian Dept., Sep. 24, 1941 and Atty. Gen. to Bur. Budget, Oct. 17, 1941 in AG 381.

13. Joint Agreement Respecting the Internment of Alien Enemies, July 18, 1941, AG 014.311. Also in AG 014.311, Stimson memo for file, Aug. 3, 1940; Woodring to Atty. Gen (6-3-40), and AG to Corps Areas, July 8, 1940. Stimson diary, July 31, Aug. 3, 1940; Kai Bird, The Chairman, John J. McCloy, New York, 1992, ch. 5 and 8; Robert Jackson Columbia University Oral History interview, cited with permission.

14. Carter papers, U. Wyoming, and PSF, FDRL; Adm. T.S. Wilkinson to Sec'y Navy, Navy Operational Archives, (OA) , OP-16, (SC) A8-4, Nat. Arch.; Carol M. Petillo. Douglas MacArthur, The Philippine Years, Bloomington 1981; Richard W. Steele," FDR and his Foreign Policy Critics," Political Science Quarterly, 91:1ff, Spring, 1999.

15. H. W. Brands, Bound to Empire, New York, 1992, 180-181; Thomas, Season of High Adventure, 222-223, for comments of McNutt and MacArthur to Edgar Snow; Lewis Brereton, The Brereton Diaries, New York, 1948.

16. See post-war study on excise tax in Secretary of Interior file 9-7-19.

17. The military government plan can be seen in the Sayre papers under Defense Collaboration. Manchester, American Caesar; Eric Morris, Corregidor, New York, 1981. For recall of MacArthur to active duty see Stimson diary, May 21, 1941.

18 Charles Romanus and Riley Sunderland, Stilwell's Mission to China, Washington, 1953; Michael Schaller, The U.S. Crusade in China, 1938-1945, New York, 1979, ch.4; Daniel Ford, Flying Tigers, Washington, 1995.

19. Currie's report is in FRUS Far East, 1941.

20. Byrd, Chennault..

21. Smith, The Shadow Warriors, 289. Pogue, George Marshall, Ordeal and Hope, 131; For FDR's observers see Ernest B. Furgurson, "Back Channels," Washingtonian, June 1986, 57ff; Linda McClain, The Role of Admiral W. D. Leahy in U.S. Foreign Policy, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Virginia, 1984, 50.

CHAPTER VI

1. Marks, Wind Over Sand, 95ff.; Butow, The John Doe Associates,; Chisuro Hosaya," The Role of Japan's Foreign Ministry." in Pearl Harbor As History; Waldo Heinrichs, Threshhold of War, New York, 1988, ch. 3; on seriousness of negotiations see Welles memo of conversation with Cadogan, Aug. 9, 1941, FRUS, 1941, vol.1 and Hull in Pearl Harbor hearings, vol. 2:330; John Toland, The Rising Sun, New York, 1970, 76ff.

2. Ibid.; Neumann, America Encounters Japan, ch.13.

3.James, The Years of MacArthur, vol.1; Manchester, American Caesar, 211. New York Times, July 27, 1941; Sayre drafted a dispatch supporting Grunert when he heard rumors of the call-up of the Commonwealth troops, draft in Sayre papers.

4, Admiral Thomas Hart to Stark, Sep.20, 1941 in Hart papers, Naval Historical Center.

5.Manchester, American Caesar.

6. Churchill, The Grand Alliance, Boston, 1950, 177.

7. Ronald Spector, Eagle Against the Sun, New York, 1985; FRUS, 1935, vol.3, 822.

8.Craven and Cate, eds., The Army Air Forces in World War II, vol. 1.

9. Toland, The Rising Sun,; Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 285.

10.For the pros and cons of the Honolulu conference, see Toland, The Rising Sun, and Neumann, America Encounters Japan; for Roosevelt's bad habits see Stimson diary, Aug. 9,19, Oct.6. 1941.Also Theodore A. Wilson, The First Summit, Lawrence , Kans., 1991, 83-84, and Benjamin Welles, Sumner Welles , ch. 25. His private secretary recounts Grew's hopes for the Honolulu talks in Robert A. Fearey, "Might the Pacific War Have Been Avoided?" Washington-Japaan Journal, Winter 1992.

11. Welles memo of conversation with Cadogan, Aug. 9, 1941, FRUS, 1941, vol. 1; and Hull in Pearl Harbor hearings, vol. 21, 330. Hague Convention III, Oct. 18, 1907; Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Proceedings of the Hague Peace Conference, New York, 1921, and Instructions to the American Delegation, New York, 1916. . Stimson on FDR's offer to furnish B-17s for a one-time raid on Berlin, diary, Sep. 10, 23, , Oct. 15.

12.; Craven and Cate, eds.,The Army Air Forces in World War II, vol.1; Daniel L. Harrington, " A Careless Hope." Pacific Historical Review, 49:217ff.; May 1979.

13. Ibid.

14. Pogue, Marshall, Ordeal and Hope, 201-203.

15. Roberta Wohlstetter, Pearl Harbor, Warning and Decision, Stanford, Cal.., 1962; On Short's attitude, see Pearl Harbor hearings, vol. 28, testimony of Riley Allen, and Short before the Roberts Commission, Dec. 23, 1941, ibid., vol.22; for Herron comments on Short, see Henry Clausen and Bruce Lee, Pearl Harbor: Final Judgment, New York, 1992.

16. Ickes diary, June 15, 1941; Honolulu Star -Bulletin, Sep. 3, 10; Nov. 5 ,6, 1941; the Hawaiian M-Day law is Act 24, Spec. Sess. 1941; Stimson to Senate Mil. Aff. Committee, Oct. 30, 1941. For the draft bill see 77th Cong., S.2040 and H.R.5999.

17. Morison, Two-Ocean War.

18. AG. To Corps Areas, July 8, 1940, AG, 014.311; Carter file in PSF, FDRL; Munson's reports in Pearl Harbor hearings, vol.6, 2682ff ; Adm. T.S. Wilkinson to Sec'y Navy, Dec.29,1941, OA, Op-16 (SC) A8-4.

19. Munson's report on Hawaii ; U. S. Justice Dept., Crim. Div. file 145-3-61.

20. Sayre conversation with Quezon, Oct. 18, 1941, Quezon file, Sayre papers;

21. Hart papers,; box 17, ltr., Sept.20; James Leutze, A Different Kind of Victory, A Biography of Admiral Thomas Hart, Annapolis, 1981, 218.

22. Msges, C/S, USA to CG, USAFFE, 656, Nov. 29, and 693, Dec. 3; CG, USAFFE to C/S, USA, 1045, Dec. 2, in AG 381, WPD.

23, Toland, The Rising Sun.

24. Stimson diary, November 25.Used with permission. The idea that the Japanese might attack only British and Dutch positions had been accepted by the Joint Board, see Alsop, FDR.

25. Conn, et al., Guarding, 177ff..

26. FDR to Sayre, Navy msge. OPNAV to CINCAF, 261854, 26. Nov. and Sayre to FDR, CINCAF to OPNAV, 280228, 28 Nov..

27. Conn et al., Guarding, 177ff..

28. Msge. C/S to CG, USAFFE, 624, Nov. 27, 1941; for MacArthur-Sayre-Hart conference see Schaller, MacArthur, 53-54; Pearl Harbor hearings, vol. 14:1324ff..

29. Msges, ibid..

30. Leutze, A Different Kind of Victory 224-229; Kemp Tolley, Cruise of the Lanikai, Annapolis, 1973.

31. Text of speech in Sayre papers; and Manila Bulletin and Philippines Herald, Dec. 1, 1941.

32. Gerow and Stimson testimony, vol. 30:470ff. and Short testimony, vol. 7, Pearl Harbor hearings; .Col. Kendall Fielder on snooping, before Roberts Commission, Dec. 24, 1941, ibid., vol.22; Conn et al, Guarding.

33.Ibid..

34. Burton Wheeler, Yankee From The West, New York, 1962; Frank Waldrop, McCormick of Chicago, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1965; Coffey, Hap; Ladislas Farago, The Game of the Foxes, New York, 1971, 477-484; Thomas Fleming, "The Big Leak," American Heritage, 38:64-71, December 1987; Richard N. Smith, The Colonel, New York, 1996, 415ff..

CHAPTER VII

1.Edwin T. Layton, And I Was There, New York, 1985, ch. 22; Admiral Turner's testimony, Pearl Harbor hearings, vol. 4:1950; Jon Bridgeman, " Saturday, December 6, 1941," in Love, ed., Pearl Harbor Revisited.

2. Toland, The Rising Sun, 200.

3. Ibid.; Simpson, Admiral Harold R. Stark, 112; Layton, I Was There, Ch. 23.

4. Ibid..

5. Ibid..

6. Morison, The Two-Ocean War..

7. Poindexter testimony in Pearl Harbor hearings, vol. 23; Charles Hite diary in Hawaii War Records Depository, University of Hawaii; Grace Tully, FDR;My Boss, New York, 1949; John Stephan, Hawaii Under the Rising Sun, Honolulu ,1984; testimony of Raymond Coll, Pearl Harbor hearings, vol. 29:1561.

8. Stimson diary, Jan. 23, 1942; Henry Morgenthau diary, vol.470:25, FDR Lib.

9. For the Knox investigation, Frank Melosi, The Shadow of Pearl Harbor, College Station, Tex., 1977; Frank Beatty, " The Background of the Secret Report," National Review, Dec. 13, 1965, 1261-1265; New York Times, November 5, 1943, for announcement of Dargue death. See National Aviation Hall of Fame bio of Dargue, on Internet..

10. Stimson memo of conference with Col. Francis Miles, Jan. 20, 1942, in AG380, War Plans, SW files.

11. Morison, The Two Ocean War..

12. Leonard Mosley, Marshall, 320; Alsop, FDR, 238. Stark resigned on March 9, and his position was abolished on March 12 by Executive Order 9096. See Matthew J. Dickinson, Bitter Harvest, New York, 1997, 185.

13. Stimson diary, January 20; Pearl Harbor Attack hearings, vol.7;3260. For FDR comments, Melosi, Shadow..

14.. Craven and Cate, eds. The Army Air Forces in World War II, vol. I; Robert F.Futrell, "Air Hostilities in the Philippines, " Air University Review, Jan.-Feb., 1965, 33-45; Alger Hiss, Recollections of A Life, New York, 1988; Geoffrey Perret, "My Search For Douglas MacArthur," Current, n383: 33ff., June 1996.

15. Tuchman, Stilwell, 229-231; Roger Daniels, Concentration Camps, USA, New York, 1971; for DeWitt's reply see Pearl Harbor hearings, vol. 14:1326ff., WDC to Marshall, unnumbered, 28 Nov. 1941,

CHAPTER VIII

1. Spector, Eagle Against the Sun;. Manchester, American Caesar..

2. Adolf Berle diary, Lib. Cong.; State Dept. file, P.I. 811B00, General Conditions/35.

3.. Petillo, Douglas MacArthur; Perret, Old Soldiers.

4. Ibid.,188,279; Manchester, American Caesar; Schaller, Douglas MacArthur, ch. 5., and passim; Ickes diary, April 13, 1942; Ronnie Duggan, The Politician; the Life and times of Lyndon B. Johnson, New York, 1982, 242-260; Robert Ferrell. ed., FDR's Quiet Confidant, Nivot, Colo., 1997.

5.Conn et al, Guarding, ch.5.

6. H.L. Keenleyside, "The Canada-United States Permanent Joint Board on Defence, 1940-1945," International Journal,, 16:56-67(1960-1961)..

7. Navy Dept., CNO file(SC) A8-2/EF37, Operational Archives; Report on Reconnaissance of Lower California, in Western Defense Command Files, Nat. Arch.

8, Ibid.; Daniels, Concentration Camps , USA.

9. Ringle papers, with family; Harpers, 185:489-497 October 1942; author interview with Stetson Conn, Nov. 20, 1973 ; Munson note to Grace Tully, n.d., and Carter to FDR, Jan. 13, 28, 1942 in FDRL, PSF under Carter. FDR's and the Joint Chiefs' ideas about what should be done with the Japanese population in Hawaii are in Addendum to JCS 11, Mar. 11, 1942, see PSF, Hawaii. Munson's report on the Japanese in Hawaii is in the Pearl Harbor hearings, vol. 6, 2682ff.

10. Tuchman, Stilwell, ch. 10.

11. Ibid. Biddle charged that Drum had plans for alien enemies, see Stimson diary, May 15, 1942 and FDR to Sec'y. War, May 5, 1942, ASW files, 014.311.

12. Raymond Callahan, Burma, 1942-1945, Cranbury, N.J., 1978.

13. FRUS, Far East, 1941.

14. Spector, Eagle Against The Sun; Arnold to FDR, Jan. 28, 1942, PSF's Safe File, Box 2, FDRL..

CHAPTER IX

1. Bird, The Chairman, ch. 5; Jules Witcover, Sabotage at Black Tom, Chapel Hill, 1989; Ladislas Farago, The Game of the Foxes, New York, 1971, 76; James Macgregor Burns, Roosevelt, Soldier of Freedom, New York, 1970, 4; De Jong, The German Fifth Column, 214-215..

2. Ibid., ch.12; Andrew, Her Majesty's Secret Service, 76, 305; Churchill, The Grand Alliance, 736. The Vancouver Japanese had reacted to a communal riot, see New York Times, Sep.6-10, 1907.

3.Gilbert, Churchill, 681-682.

4.Cornelius Vanderbilt, Jr., Man of the World, New York, 1959, 35-36 and passim;Stimson diary, Aug.27, 1942; History of Western Defense Command, vol 8, ch.2 in U.S. Army Center for Military History.

5.Ickes diary, Mar. 15, 1942; Andrew, Her Majesty's Secret Service, 466-467; Morgan, FDR, 601.

6. Ibid. Biddle memo on luncheon, Biddle papers, FDRL..

7. Daniels, Concentration Camps,USA, 83; Milton Eisenhower, The President Is Calling, New York, 1972, 96. Stimson diary, July 7, 1942.

8. Ibid., May 21, 22, 1942; Conn et al, Guarding, 87-88. John McPhee, "The Gravel Page, " New Yorker, Jan. 29, 1996, 52ff.

9. . U. S. Congress Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, Personal Justice Denied, Washington, 1982, 220.

10. Ibid., 229-230; Robert Ferrell, The Dying President, Columbia, Mo., 1988.

11..Personal Justice Denied, 230-236; Dillon Meyer, Uprooted Americans, Tucson, 1972, 225; Ex parte Endo, 323US283;

12. Manchester, American Caesar, 416-430; Grace P. Hayes, History of thr Joint Chiefs of Staff; The War Against Japan, Annapolis, 1982, 610-611; Oral History, Joseph Rauh, Truman Presidential Library. Ferrell, The Dying President, 9.

13. McClain, The Role of Admiral W. D. Leahy, 155; Anthony, Hawaii Under Army Rule..

14. Personal Justice Denied, 274.

15. Gavin Daws, The Shoal of Time, New York, 1968. Ickes diary, Nov. 8,1942; Stimson diary, April 24, 28, 1942; for Hornbeck and Hamilton views, see SD 740.00115, Pacific War 61, 181; for Joint Chiefs' recommendation, approved by FDR, see JCS 11/1, March 9,1942..

16.Ickes diary, April 19, 1943; Rexford Tugwell, The Stricken Land, New York, 1947; Stephan, Hawaii Under the Rising Sun..

17. Smith, The Colonel, 472ff. ; Layton, I Was There, 454-455; Biddle, In Brief Authority, 248ff. David Cohn, The Codebreakers, New York, 1996, ch. 17; Frederick D. Parker, A priceless Advantage..., " National Security Agency, 1993.

18. Charles A. Lindbergh, The Wartime Journals of Charles A. Lindbergh, New York, 1970.; George Kenney, General Kenney Reports, New York, 1949.

19., Claude Mc Cullough, " Now It Can Be Told, " American Bar Association Journal, 35-365-368, 444-448; FDR to Sec'ys. War, Navy, August 15, 1944., ASW 370.8, Hawaii; For military government school, Ickes diary, Oct. 10, 29, and Nov. 15, 1944. For legality of military government, see Duncan v. Kahanamoku, 327US 304. Exclusion of the West Coast Japanese was permitted by 86Stat173, Mar. 21, 1942.

20. Jim Bishop, FDR's Last Year, New York, 1979, 123-126. Thomas Parrish, Roosevelt and Marshall, New York, 1989. Leahy, I Was There, 248-254; Ferrell, The Dying President, 80ff; Katherine Herbig, "American Strategic Deception in the Pacific,1942-1944," Intelligence and National Security, 2(3):260-300, 1987; Gil Troy, "Such Insulting Trash and Triviality, " Canadian Review of American Studies, 25(1):45ff.; Simpson, Admiral Harold R. Stark, 5-6; Henry H. Adams, Witness to Power, Annapolis, 1985, 236.

CHAPTER X

!. Romanus and Sunderland, Stilwell's Mission to China, especially p. 29 and n. 82; Schaller, The U.S. Crusade in China; Tuchman, Stilwell, ch. 9 and 10.

2. Stimson's diary is full of his satisfaction at denying FDR's whims, e.g. Oct. 8,1940..

3. Charles G. Finney, The old China Hands, New York, 1961.

4. Ibid., 220-222; Hayes, 216-217. .

5. .See Allen Weinstein and Alexander Vassiliev, The Haunted Wood, New York, 1999, 160-161, and Robert P. Newman, Owen Lattimore and the ' Loss' of China, Berkeley, 1992, ch.5. Tuchman, Stilwell, 226-229 , 300 and passim..

6. Ibid., 246-247..

7.Ibid., 311.

8. Byrd, Chennault, ch.9.

9.Hayes, 221-222.

10. Tuchman, Stilwell, 324.

11. Schaller, The U.S. Crusade in China, passim; Hayes, 243-244. Joseph Alsop, I've Seen The Best of It, New York, 1992.

12. Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, 797; Tuchman, Stilwell, 250-253; Leahy, I Was There, 154-155.

13. Schaller, Crusade in China, ch. 8; Romanus and Sunderland, Stilwell's Mission, 279.

14. Tuchman, Stilwell, 492-493; Alsop, I've Seen The Best Of It, 255.

15.Timothy P. Maga, "Vision and Victory: Franklin Roosevelt and the Pacific War Council, Presidential Studies Quarterly, 21(2):351ff, Spring 1991; Donald Wright, "That Hell-hole of Yours," American Heritage,, 46(6)47ff., October, 1995.

16. See Coffey, ch. 19.

17. Sherry, The Rise of American Air power, 219-221. See Thomas J. Mayock, "The African Campaigns, " in Craven and Cate, eds. The Army Air Forces in World War II, vol.2, Chicago,1949..

18..Coffey, 334-335.

19. Craven and Cate, eds., The Army Air Forces in World War II, vol. 5, Chicago, 1953..

20. Russell Buhite, Patrick J. Hurley and American Foreign Policy, Ithaca, 1973; Herbert Feis, The China Tangle, New York 1965, ch.23

21.Ibid., ch.25.

22. FRUS, 1945, Far East, China, 329-332.

23.. Gabriel Kolko, The Politics of War, New York, 1968, 607-608.

24. Ibid., 611-612.

25 .Tuchman, Stilwell, ch. 19.

26. Vladimir Petrov, "Mao, Stalin, and Kim Il Sung," Journal of Northeast Asia Studies, 13(2), Summer 1994, 3ff.; Milovan Djilas, Conversations With Stalin, New York, 1972..

CHAPTER XI

1. Patrick J. Maney, The Roosevelt Presence, Berkeley, 1992; ch. 9; Ferrell, The Dying President; Ward, Closest Companion.,.

2.Hewlett and Anderson, The New World; Thomas B. Buell, Master of Sea Power,A biography of Fleet Admiral Ernest j. King, Boston, 1980; FDR memo to Hopkins, Feb. 26,1942, in Hopkins papers, Sherrod Collection, box 308, FDRL. Smith. Shadow Warriors, 109; Sherry, The Rise of American Air Power,.219-221; McClain, The Role of Admiral William D. Leahy, 55-56. Adm. William Smedburg Oral History, U.S. Naval Institute; Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 328; Adams, Witness To Power, 339; Robert Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, New York, 1950, 145, 155-156, 169.

3. Foster Oral History, Columbia University Oral History Office, cited by permssion; Brian Garfield, The Thousand Mile War, New York, 1971, 86 and chs. 9and 11; Foster memo to FDR, April 1942 in PSF; Ferrell, The Dying President; Conn et al, Guarding ,340-342.

4. Ibid., 73. Buell, Master of Sea Power; Ickes Diary, Oct.23, 1942; Mosley, Marshall, 320;
Robert Albion and Robert Connery, Forrestal and the Navy, New York, 1962; Smith, The Shadow Warriors,158-159; Robert Ferrell, ed., The Eisenhower Diaries, 108-110; see William Emerson, "Franklin Roosevelt as Commander in Chief," Military Affairs, 12(4)2 141-202, 1958-1959; Bishop, FDR's Last Year 25. Also the articles on King by Robert W. Love in The Chiefs of Naval Operations, Annapolis, 1980 and on Knox in Paolo Colletta, ed., American Secretaries of the Navy, by George Lobdell. On Knox's newspaper ties, see Smith, The Colonel, 429ff.; Davidson, The Unsinkable Fleet, 68.

5. Ward, Closest Companion, 207; Wilson, The First Summit, ch. 9; Marks, Wind Over Sand, 284-285; Tuchman, Stilwell,. See also Churchill, Closing the Ring, 626. Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, The Amerasia Spy Case, Chapel Hill, 1996; Feis, The China Tangle, Princeton, 1953. FDR complained to Jonathan Daniels about the enthusiasts for international organizations, see Daniels, White House Witness, New York, 1979, 230.

6.William Lanouette, Genius in the Shadows, A Biography o Leo Szilard. New York, 1992, ch.14; Norman Polmar and Thomas Allen, "The Bombs of August," American History, 30(2)34ff., June 1995 . Hewlett and Anderson,The New World, ; Dan Kurzman, Day of the Bomb, New York, 1986. Stimson Diary, Feb.26, 1942; and March 15, 1944; David Robertson, Sly and Able, A Political Biography of James F. Byrnes, New York, 1994, 393-396; G. Pascal. Zachary, Endless Frontier, New York, 1997. Peter Wyden, Day One, New York 1984, 126-127.;

7.Hrdlicka correspondence with FDR and Carter in Anthropology Archive, Smithsonian Institution; FDR to Carter and Carter to FDR, July 30 1942, PSF. Christopher Thorne, Allies of a Kind, New York, 1978, 158-159 and notes. M.F. Ashley Montagu, "Ales Hrdlicka" in American Anthropoligist, 46(1):113-117. Henry Field, M Project for FDR, Ann Arbor, 1962.

8. Morgan, FDR, 499; Ward, Closest Companion, Leahy,.I Was There, 325-327; Daniels, White House Witness, Benjamin Welles, Sumner Welles, ch.20.; Ferrell, The Dying President, Norman Littell, My Roosevelt Years, Seattle, 1987, 302-303..

9. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, ch.31; Edward J. Flynn, You're the Boss, New York, 1947.

10. Roosevelt, A Rendezvous With Destiny, 420-421.;

11.John Toland, Adolf Hitler, New York, 1976, 1218-1220..

12 . Gar Alperovitz, The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb, New York, 1995, 660ff; Nat Finney, "How FDR Planned to Use the A-bomb, " Look., March 14, 1950; 1 and 2; Joseph Hershberg, James B. Conant, New York, 1993, 203-204; Daniels, White House Witness, 222. On unconditional surrender, see Ladislas Farago, Burn After Reading, New York, 1961, ch.22 and Sherry, Rise of American Air Power, 246. Townsend Hoopes and Douglas Brinkley, Driven Patriot, ch.18; Walter La Feber, The Clash; U.S.-Japanese Relations Throughout History, New York, 1997, 228, 236, 239; Polmar and Allen,"The Bombs of August;" Robertson, in Sly and Able. points out how Truman was left unprepared.