Secondary Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century

List of Recurring Sources

Alphabetical Index

These cost fewer lives than the American Civil War (620,000) but more than the number of murders comitted in America during the five years from 1990 through 1994 (119,700).

1. Philippines Insurgency (1899-1902): 220 000
   • Eckhardt: 8,000 civ. + 4,000 mil. = 12,000
   • Small & Singer: 4,500 USAns
   • Irving Werstein, 1898: The Spanish American War
     • US, battle: 5,000
     • Filipino, battle: 20,000
     • Filipino civilians: 250,000
   • Max Boot, The Savage Wars of Peace (also FAS 2000)
     • Combat
       • US: 4,234
       • Filipino: 16,000
     • Filipino civilians: 200,000 of disease/famine
   • Clodfelter
     • US: 4,234 d, incl. 1,073 in combat
     • Filipino battle: 16,000
     • Filipino civilians: 200,000
   • Leon Wolff Little Brown Brother (1961)
     • US, battle: 4,234
     • Filipino, battle: 16,000 ("actually counted") to >20,000 ("true total")
     • Filipino civilians: 200,000 of disease
   • Graff, American Imperialism and the Philippine Insurrection (1969)
     • Filipino combatants: 16-20,000
     • Filipino non-combatants: 250,000
   • Encyclopedia Americana (2003), "Philippines": 200,000 civilians
   • John Gates ("War-Related Deaths in the Philippines, 1898-1902", Pacific Historical Review 53:367 (1983)) estimates a demographic shortfall between 127,593 and 362,659. A 1902 cholera epidemic killed a recorded 137,505, so the absolute most that could have died in the war would be 225,154 (362659-137505).
     • According to Gates: The most commonly cited number is 600,000, which is based on General Bell's 1901 comment that 1/6 of Luzon had died. There is, however, uncertainty over which "General Bell" said this, and how knowledgeable he would be.
     • The second most commonly cited number is probably 200,000, which also has an uncertain origin, but was already in circulation by 1913.
     • Sometimes you'll hear 3 million mentioned, but this originated as a typo in West Point: America's Power Fraternity. Because 3 million is so shocking, it has a tendency to stick in people's mind and get repeated (Compton's, under "Philippines", for example, gives the death toll as 1-3M). In any case, the passage was supposed to say 300,000.
2. Brazil (1900 et seq.): 500 000
   • Indian Genocide
     • Gerald Colby, Thy Will Be Done: the Conquest of the Amazon (1995)
       • 800,000 Indians "disappeared into extinction" since 1900.
       • 40,000 to 100,000 died, 1957-68.
     • Robin Hanbury-Tenison, A Question of Survival (1973): The Indian population of Brazil declined from a half million in 1900 to 80 thousand in 1957 to 50 thousand in 1973. Whether the 450,000 missing Indians were assimilated or exterminated is not certain, but a significant number were probably victims of genocide.
     • Robert Hitchcock & Tara Twedt: Indian population of Brazil declined from 1.0M to 0.2M between 1900 and 1957, a net loss of 800,000 (in Century of Genocide, Samuel Totten, ed., (1997))
     • Porter estimates that 100,000 Brazilian Indians were victims of genocide during the 1960s.
     • Darcy Ribeiro, "Indigenous Cultures and Languages in Brazil", in Indians of Brazil in the Twentieth Century, Janice Hopper, ed. (1967): 87 Indian tribes in Brazil went extinct between 1900 and 1957 (Out of an original 230) This, by the way, is the authoritative study of Brazilian Indian population, which is why every other author discussing the decline of Indian population uses 1957 as a milestone.
     • Rummel estimates the following Indian deaths:
       • Under republic (1900-30): 50,000 democides
       • Under Vargas (1930-45): 60,000
       • Under Dutra/Vargas (1945-64): 50,000
       • Under military (1964-85): 75,000
       • TOTAL: 235,000
3. Amazonia (1900-12): 250 000
   • Rubber companies in Peru and Brazil, worker deaths
     • Rummel: >250,000
4. Portuguese Colonies (1900-25): 325 000
   • Democidal deaths among forced laborers in the Portuguese colonies (Rummel):
     • Monarchy (1900-10): 200,000
     • Republic (1910-25): 125,000
     • TOTAL: 325,000
5. French Colonies (1900-40)
   • Rummel
     • Democidal deaths among forced laborers in all the French colonies: >200,000
   • Adam Hochschild, Leopold's Ghost, (1998) estimates a 50% population loss in the rain forest due to colonial brutality. Robert July (A History of the African People, 1974) reports a 1926 population estimate of 3.1M in all of FrEqAf. The 1946 Census found 25% of the FrEqAfan population (1054T/4131T) in Congo and Gabon, the forest territories. That indicates a 1926 forest population of 0.8M, and therefore, an earlier death toll of 800,000.
   • Tom Conner Andre Gide's Politics : Rebellion and Ambivalence: The population of French Equatorial Africa declined from 15M (ca. 1900) to 9M (ca. 1914) to 2-3M (early 1920s)
   • Worker deaths while building the Congo-Océan Railroad, French Equatorial Africa, 1921-32
     • Basil Davidson, Africa in History (1991):
       • Official: 14,000
       • Coquéry-Vidrovitch: 20,000
     • Hochschild: 20,000
6. Russo-Japanese War (1904-05): 130 000
   • Samuel Dumas, Losses of Life Caused By War (1923)
     • Japanese:
       • Citing Verluststatistik
         • killed: 47,400
         • dead of wounds: 11,500
         • dead of disease: 27,200
         • TOTAL: 86,100
       • citing Japanese Bureau of Military Statistics
         • killed: 47,152
         • died of wounds: 11,424
         • died of disease: 21,802
         • TOTAL: 80,378
     • Russian:
       • Citing Verluststatistik
         • killed: 28,800
         • died of wounds: 5,200
         • died of disease: 9,300
         • TOTAL: 43,300
       • citing Gaedke ("seems too large")
         • killed and died of wounds: 52,623
         • died of disease: 18,830
         • TOTAL: 71,453
     • TOTAL (Verluststatistik): 129,400
   • Small & Singer
     • Japanese: 85,000
     • Russian: 45,000
     • TOTAL: 130,000
   • Eckhardt: 130,000
   • Urlanis, both sides:
     • Killed: 99,000
     • Disease: 40,000
     • TOTAL: 139,000
   • Gilbert
     • Japanese: 58,000
     • Russian: 120,000
     • TOTAL: 178,000
7. Maji-Maji Revolt, German East Africa (1905-07): 175 000
   • R. July, A History of the African People (1974): 70,000
   • Rudolf von Albertini, European Colonial Rule, 1880-1940: official estimate of 75,000
   • 1911 Britannica: officially 120,000 men, women and children
   • Eckhardt: 150,000
   • Dict.Wars: 200,000
   • Cambridge History of Africa: 200,000 total, 400 on the German side incl. 15 whites
   • Robert Edgerton, The Fall of the Asante Empire: 250-300,000
   • T. Packenham, The Scramble for Africa (1991): 250-300,000
8. Libya (1911-31): 125 000
   • Sanusi resistance to Italian rule:
     • K. Shillington, History of Africa (1995): 100,000 civilians died in concentration camps.
     • John Wright, Libya A Modern History (1982):
       • Wright estimates that the native population fell by 125,000.
       • He cites these additional sources:
         • Muammar Gaddhafi claimed in 1969 that 750,000 Libyans (i.e. half the total population) died under the Italians.
         • While administering the territory prior to independence, the UN estimated that 250,000 to 300,000 natives died between 1912 and 1942.
     • Denis Mack Smith, Mussolini's Roman Empire (1976): 20,000 died in concentration camps, with perhaps 100,000 Bedouins (or half the Bedouin population) dying overall.
     • Clodfelter: 40,000 d. in combat, both sides, 1923-31. 100,000 Senusi d. all causes.
     • Eckhardt:
       • Civil War w/ Italy (1911-17): 16,000
       • Italian conquest (1920-32): 40,000
       • Civil War w/ Italy (1930-32): 40,000
       • TOTAL: 96,000
9. Balkan Wars (1912-13): 140 000
   • Singer, battle deaths [TOTAL: 142,500]
     • First Balkan War (1912-13)
       • Turkey: 30,000
       • Bulgaria: 32,000
       • Serbia: 15,000
       • Greece: 5,000
       • [TOTAL: 82,000]
     • Second Balkan War (1913)
       • Turkey: 20,000
       • Bulgaria: 18,000
       • Serbia: 19,000
       • Greece: 2,000
       • Romania: 2,000
       • [TOTAL: 60,500]
   • Clodfelter [TOTAL: 129,500]
     • First Balkan War (1912-13)
       • Turkey: 30,000
       • Bulgaria: 32,000
       • Serbia: 15,000
       • Greece: 5,000
       • Montenegro: 3,000
       • [TOTAL: 85,000]
     • Second Balkan War (1913)
       • Bulgaria: 20,000 (53,825 died + killed in both wars, 60% from disease)
       • Serbia: 18,500
       • Greece: 2,500
       • Turkey: 2,000
       • Romania: 1,500
       • [TOTAL: 44,500]
   • Eckhardt
     • 1st B.W.: 82,000
     • 2nd B.W.: 61,000
     • [TOTAL: 143,000]
   • Urlanis, all parties:
     • KIA: 122,000
     • Disease: 82,000
     • Dead of wounds: 20,000
     • TOTAL: 224,000
10. Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922): 250 000
    • Urlanis:
      • Greek KIA: 26,000, citing Bujac:
        1. Killed and (?) died of wounds: 19,362
        2. Died of wounds (?) and disease: 4,878
        3. Missing: 17,995
        4. TOTAL: 19T killed - 3T mortally wounded (i.e. 6% of k.) + 10T (i.e. ½ of missing) = 26T
      • Turks: about the same
      • TOTAL: 52,000 battle deaths
    • Singer (KIA)
      • Turkey: 20,000
      • Greece: 30,000
    • Rummel (civilian democide)
      • Greeks killed by Turks: 264,000
      • Turks killed by Greeks: 15,000
    • Housepian, Marjorie, The Smyrna Affair (1966)
      • The 1922 Burning of Smyrna by the Turks: According to Adm. Bristol's report, 2,000 Greeks killed by fire, execution, etc. According to George Horton, over 100,000 were killed. Housepian assesses Bristol's number as "the historical verdict to date", but says that Horton's "makes more sense" in light of the 190,000 residents and refugees unaccounted for.
    • AIHGS: 353,000 Pontian Greeks k. by Turks [http://www.aihgs.com/Aftermath.htm]
    • Eckhardt: 20,000 civ. + 50,000 mil. = 70,000
11. Turkey (1925-28)
    • Kurdish uprising
      • David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds (1996) says that Kurdish "propaganda reports" claiming that 15,000 were massacred and that 200,000 deportees perished "may have been exaggerated".
      • Dan Smith believes them: "Turkish troops crush Kurdish uprising killing 250,000."
12. Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and Franco Regime (1939-75): 365 000 + 100 000
    • Hugh Thomas, The Spanish Civil War (1977) (cited at length by both Paul Johnson and JAS Grenville):
      • Republicans killed in combat: 110,000
      • Nationalists killed in combat: 90,000
      • Executed by Nationalists: 75,000
      • Executed by Republicans: 55,000
      • Bombs: 10,000
      • Malnutrition: 25,000
      • TOTAL: 365,000
    • Gabriel Jackson, The Spanish Republic and the Civil War 1931-39 (1965, 1972):
      • Battle deaths: 100,000
      • Air raids: 10,000
      • Dis./Malnutrition: 50,000
      • Executed by Republicans: 20,000
      • Executed by Nationalists: 200,000
      • TOTAL: 380,000
    • Salas Larraza, Ramon, Perdidas de la guerra (1977), cited at length in Stanley Payne, The Franco Regime 1936-1975 (1987)
      • Battle deaths:
        • Republicans KIA: 60,500
        • Nationalists KIA: 59,500
        • Foreign soldiers, both sides: 25,500
        • Civilians: 15,000
      • Executions:
        • By Republicans: 72,344
        • By Nationalists: 35,021
      • Disease: 165,000
      • TOTAL: 268,500 deaths by violence (adding disease: 433,500)
    • Singer (1982)
      • Spain, all sides: 650,000
      • Ousiders:
        • Germany: 300
        • Italy: 6,000
        • Portugal: 2,000
    • Eckhardt: 600,000 civ. + 600,000 mil. = 1,200,000
    • Bombing of Guernica, 1937
      • Gilbert: 1,645 k.
    • Foreigners
      • Clodfelter:
        • French: 1,000-3,000
        • German-Austrian: 2,000
        • American: 900-1,500
        • Yugoslav: 700
        • Italian: 600
        • Britons: 543
        • Swiss: 76
    • Abraham Lincoln Brigade
      • 13 February 2001, Associated Press: 750 American volunteers k.
      • Encyclopedia Americana: 750
      • 23 February 2002, Oakland Tribune: 800
      • 31 May 1997, Washington Post: 900 (citing Hugh Thomas)
      • 28 May 2000, New York Times: 900
      • 19 October 1986, Associated Press: 1,200
      • 31 March 1988, St. Petersburg Times: 1,600
    • After Francisco Franco came to power:
      • Ramon Salas Larraza:
        • 22,641 executions
        • 4,000 deaths by guerrilla activity (to 1961)
        • 159,000 excess deaths by disease (1940-43)
      • Hugh Thomas: 100,000 executions
      • 22 October 2002 AP: new research shows perhaps 150,000 political prisoners executed during war and Franco dictatorship,.
      • Gabriel Jackson: 200,000 prisoner deaths, 1939-43
      • Daniel Davis, Spain's Civil War : The Last Great Cause (1974) says that a Spanish official admitted in 1944 that Franco's government had executed 192,684 since coming to power. Thomas doubts this number.
13. Abyssinian Conquest (1935-41): 400 000
    • Angelo Del Boca, The Ethiopian War 1935-1941 (1965)
      • He cites a 1945 memorandum from Ethiopia to the Conference of Prime Ministers which tallies 760,300 natives dead:
        • Battle Deaths: 275,000
        • Hunger among refugees: 300,000
        • Patriots killed during occupation: 75,000
        • Concentration camps: 35,000
        • Feb. 1937 massacre: 30,000
        • Executions: 24,000
        • Civilians killed by air force: 17,800
      • Concerning the massacre of 19-21 Feb. 1937 in Addis Ababa, he doubts Ethiopian claims that 30,000 were killed, and suggests it was 3,000 instead.
      • Battle deaths on the Italian side:
        • Italians: 426 officers + 4785 men = 5211
        • Native auxilliaries: 10,000
    • Alberto Sbacchi, Ethiopia Under Mussolini (1985)
      • Battle deaths:
        • Italy: 15,000
        • Ethiopia: 275,000
        • TOTAL: 290,000
      • Sbacchi also cites the claims of 30,000 massacred Feb. 1937, but he too supports a death toll of 3,000. He also claims 5,469 executions by the end of 1937 in retaliation for an attempt on Graziani's life.
    • Anthony Mockley, Haile Selasse's War
      • He also suggests 3,000 Ethiopians massacred in Addis Ababa during the weekend of 19-21 Feb. 1937. Also, the Italians reported some 1,469 summary executions across the country as of 28 March 1937.
    • Clodfelter
      • Italy: 4,359, incl...
        • Italians: 2,313 soldiers and 453 laborers
        • Eritreans: 1086
        • Somali, Libyans: 507
      • Ethiopians: 275,000
    • Small & Singer, battle dead, 1935-36:
      • Italy: 4,000
      • Ethiopia: 16,000
      • TOTAL: 20,000
    • Eckhardt: 20,000
    • Analysis: Three sources accept that 275,000 Ethiopians died in combat, so, incredible as it may seem, we probably should go along. As for the number of civilian deaths, the total is probably less than the 485T claimed in the 1945 memo. For example, note the discrepancies in the number killed in Addis Ababa (3T vs. 30T) and the number of executions (5.5T vs. 24T); however, a quarter to a third of the memo's total is not inconceivable, pushing the total of unnatural civilian deaths during the Abyssinian conquest into the neighborhood of 120-160,000
14. Russo-Finnish War (1939-1940): 150 000
    • COWP
      • USSR: 50,000
      • Finland: 24,900
      • TOTAL: 74,900
    • Gilbert
      • USSR: 58,000
      • Finland: 27,000
      • TOTAL: 85,000
    • Singer
      • USSR: 50,000
      • Finland: 40,000
      • TOTAL: 90,000
    • Eckhardt: 90,000
    • Roger Reese, The Soviet Military Experience : A History of the Soviet Army, 1917-1991
      • Red Army: 126,875 killed and missing
    • Clodfelter
      • Finland: 23,157 KIA
      • USSR
        • according to Molotov: 48,745 KIA
        • most others give 175-200,000
      • [TOTAL: ca. 200,000-225,000]
    • Eloise Engle, The Winter War: The Soviet Attack on Finland 1939-1940
      • Finland: 25,000
      • Soviets: one million killed, according to Khrushchev
    • [I'm adding Clodfelter's Finns to Reese's Soviets for my total.]
15. Greek Civil War (1943-49): 158 000
    • Our Times: 50,000
    • Hartman, citing Jan.1951 Stratiokita, the Greek general staff weekly:
      • Greek Army: 12,777 killed, 4527 missing
      • Civilians executed by Communists: 4,289
      • Communists: 38,000
      • [TOTAL: 55,066, maybe 59,593]
    • WPA3: 12,777 Greek soldiers; 38,000 Communists
    • Howard Jones, "A New Kind of War" (1989) estimates 13,000 govt. dead or missing + 38,000 guerrillas, and cites ...
      • Kousalas: 16,753 gov't dead
      • Averoff-Tossizze: 36,839 guerillas counted, but probably 50,000 killed.
      • O'Ballance: 158,000 total
    • P. Johnson: 80,000
    • C. M. Woodhouse, The Struggle for Greece
      • 70,000 dead on the gov't side, incl. 15,000 soldiers
      • 38,000 rebels killed.
      • 5,000 executions, both sides.
      • TOTAL: 128,000
    • Urlanis: 148,000
    • Edgar O'Ballance, The Greek Civil War : 1944-1949 (1966): 158,000 dead, half Communist forces, half Govt and civilians. He also cites Greek govt figures for 6/1945-3/1949:
      • Democratic Army (Comm.): 28,992 k.
      • Greek Natl Army: 10,927 k + 3,756 missing
      • Civilians: 3156 executed by DA and EPON + 731 k. by mines, etc.
      • [TOTAL: 43,806 to 47,562]
    • Clodfelter
      • Greek National Army: 15,969 k.
      • Greek Democratic Army: >50,000 k.
      • TOTAL: 158,000
    • B&J: 158,000
    • T. Lomperis, From People's War to People's Rule (1996): 158,000
    • Singer: 160,000
    • Eckhardt: 160,000
16. Yugoslavia, Tito's Regime (1944-80): 200 000
    • Killed by Communists shortly after coming to power
      • Mark Mazower, Dark Continent: up to 60,000
      • 9 July 1990 NY Times: 70-100,000
        • Anti-Communist emigres claim ca. 500,000 killed
      • John Lampe, Yugoslavia as History: 100,000
      • Marcus Tanner, Croatia: a Nation Forged in War: est. for the number of returning POWs k. by Communists in the Bleiburg massacre range from 30,000 to 200,000 (The upper number being favored by Croat nationalists)
      • Noel Malcolm, Bosnia: a Short History: 250,000
      • Rummel: 500,000
      • MEDIAN: 100,000-250,000
    • Rummel estimates 1,072,000 democides under Tito, but 500,000 of these are associated with the immediate aftermath of WW2. He estimates the death toll for the Communist regime after the war clouds settled (i.e. 1945-87) to be 572,000.
17. First Indochina War (1945-54): 400 000
    • Our Times: 1,300,000
    • T. Lomperis, From People's War to People's Rule (1996)
      • French dead: 92,707
      • Viet Minh: >500,000
      • Civilians: 250,000
      • [TOTAL: 842,707]
    • D. Smith: 600,000
    • Eckhardt: 300,000 civ. + 300,000 mil. = 600,000
    • B&J: 500,000
    • S. Karnow, Vietnam : a History (1983): 400,000
    • Bernard Fall
      • Street Without Joy: 75,867 French Union dead and missing; 18,714 Indochinese allies dead; 94,581 Total.
      • The Two Vietnams (1963): 250,000 civilians killed; Vietminh casualties three times the French losses.
    • Spencer Tucker, Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War (1998)
      • French Union dead: 75,867
      • Allied Indochinese states: 18,714
      • Viet Minh: 3 times that
      • Civilians: 250,000
      • [TOTAL: 630,000 (?)]
    • Stanley Kutler: Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War (1996)
      • French and Indochinese client states: 94,581 killed
      • Viet Minh: 300,000
    • Clodfelter, Michael, Vietnam in Military Statistics (1995)
      • French Union dead: 74,220
        • French: 20,685
        • Foreign Legion: 11,620
        • Africans: 15,229
        • Indochinese: 26,686
      • Allied Indochinese states: 18,714
      • Viet Minh: 175,000
      • Civilians: 125,000
      • [TOTAL: 392,934]
    • WHPSI: 44,165 deaths by political violence in both Vietnams, 1948-54
    • 6,000 civilians killed in French shelling of Haiphong, 1946 (Dictionary of 20th Century World History; Grenville)
18. Colombia (1946-58): 200 000
    • La Violencia
      • Clodfelter
        • Peasants: 85,144 k
        • Other civilians: 39,856, incl. armed gangs
        • Colombian military: 6,200
        • Police: 3,620
        • TOTAL, incl. died of wounds and disappeared: 180,000 (through 1958) + 20,000 (1959-62)
      • Grenville: 200,000
      • Britannica: 200,000
      • Dictionary of 20C World History: 200,000
      • Hammond: 200,000
      • Eckhardt: 200,000 civ. + 100,000 mil. = 300,000
      • Singer: 300,000
19. India (1947): 500 000
    • The rioting and dislocation associated with partition cost how many lives?
      • 1984 World Almanac: 200,000
      • Hammond 500,000
      • Eckhardt: 800,000
      • D.Smith 1,000,000
      • B&J: 1,000,000 (1945-48)
      • Hartman: 1,000,000
      • Stanley Wolpert, A New History of India (1993): 1,000,000
      • Collins and Lapierre, Freedom at Midnight (1975) cite these sources:
        • Khosla, Stern Reckoning: 500,000
        • Moon, Divide and Quit: 200-250,000
        • Hodson: The Great Divide: 200-250,000
        • Chanduli Trivedi, governor of Punjab: 225,000
      • P. Johnson puts the death toll at 200-600,000. In addition to some of the Collins and Lapierre sources, he cites these authorities:
        • Stephens, Pakistan (1963): 500,000
        • Edwardes, Last Years of British India (1963): 600,000
    • The median of these 14 estimates is 500,000.
20. Romania (1948-89): 150 000
    • Communist Regime
      • Rummel: 435,000 democides, 1948-87
      • Robert Kaplan, Balkan Ghosts (1993): 100,000 forced laborers died building the Danube-Black Sea Canal, 1949-53
        • This may be an exaggeration. Both Chirot (Modern Tyrants) and Mazower (Dark Continent) number the total living labor force on the Canal at 40,000.
      • 24 Oct. 2000 AP: 100,000 peasants and prisoners perished in prison or building the canal.
      • George Hodos, Show Trials (1987): 75,000 executed during 1st 4 years of Communism.
      • 8 Jan. 1990 Time: A Romanian court found Ceausescu guilty of genocide, with 60,000 victims.
21. Burma/ Myanmar (1948 et seq.): 130 000
    • All Civil Wars
      • WHPSI: 5,598 deaths by pol. viol. (1948-77)
      • Dan Smith, New State of War Atlas (1991): 20,000-40,000 killed by more than four decades of war.
      • Rummel (1948-87)
        • Parliamentary Republic, 1948-62: 20,000 (50% democidal)
        • Socialist Republic, 1962-87: 107,000 (40% democidal)
        • TOTAL: 127,000
      • B&J: 140,000 (1949-95)
      • Clodfelter
        • Estim. 1948-55: >28,000 violent d.
        • Nov.1958-Apr.1960: 2278 rebels k.
        • 1984 (typical?): 1870 rebels + 566 govt. k.
        • [Calculation: That's 32,714 over some ten years. If we assume some 3,300 k/yr, that's 33,000/decade, and 165,000 by 1998. That's probably the max.]
    • Govt. vs. Karens
      • 1948-51: 8,000 (Singer; SIPRI 1997, Eckhardt)
      • 1981-88: 5,000 to 8,500 (SIPRI 1997)
      • 1949-2001: 100,000 civilian and rebel Karens (Globe and Mail, 9 Jan. 2001)
    • Gov't vs. Communists (1980): 5,000 (Eckhardt)
    • Gov't vs. KMT (1948-54): >1,000 (B&J)
22. Algeria (1954-62): 537 000
    • The Algerian government claims that one million were killed in the war.
      • Dan Smith, Encarta, and Our Times seem to agree with this number, but in vague or confusing ways:
        • Encarta says "French casualties were about 100,000, Algerian more than 1 million". The textbook definition of "casualties" includes wounded, so if Encarta means it by the book, then it agrees with the French estimates that perhaps 275,000 were killed. The problem is that "casualties" is widely misused as a synonym for "killed", so if Encarta means it that way, then it agrees with the Algerians that around a million were killed.
        • Our Times: "killed ... up to a million Muslims." (phrased to allow for the possibility that it might be lower)
        • Dan Smith: The War Atlas (1983) does not give a specific number, but Algeria is filled with the color which indicates that more than a million died in all wars fought between 1945 and 1982.
    • From Alistair Horne, A Savage War of Peace (1977)
      • Official French statistics:
        • Europeans:
          • Soldiers: 17,456 killed
          • Settlers: 2,788 killed and 500 disappeared
        • Muslims:
          • Combatants killed by French: 141,000
          • FLN, internal purges: 12,000
          • Civilians abducted by FLN, presumed dead: 50,000
        • [TOTAL: 223,744]
      • To which should be added:
        • Killed in France by terrorism: 4,300
        • Pro-French Muslims killed in Algeria in post-war reprisals: 30-150,000
      • Horne personally believes that the French numbers are too low and the Algerian too high, and that the real number falls somewhere between them.
    • Britannica largely agrees with the French numbers:
      • French: 10,000
      • Muslims: 250,000
    • Anthony Clayton, Frontiersmen: Warfare In Africa Since 1950
      • French military deaths, all causes, including colonials and Foreign Legion: 35,000
      • Civilians: 3,500 French and 30,000 indigenous, plus 150,000 revenge killings
      • FLN: 141,000 KIA and 12,000 killed by Amirouche and 4,000 k. in France.
      • Deaths in resettlement camps etc: 300,000
      • [TOTAL: 675,500]
    • Clodfelter
      • French military deaths: 17,456, incl...
        • Foreign Legion: 1,976
        • Muslim regulars: 2,500
        • Muslim aux.: 2,500
      • Terrorism
        • French + Fr. Alg.: 2,788
        • Muslim: 16,378 k. + 13,296 missing, believed d.
        • In France: 4,300 Muslim Alg. k.
      • Arab Algerians: 300,000 civ.+mil, incl...
        • FLN: 141,000 KIA
      • Algerians who collab. w/Fr: 30,000 k. post-war
      • [TOTAL: ca. 350,000]
    • WPA3; also Hartman
      • French soldiers: 17,456
      • French settlers: 2,788
      • Algerian Moslems: 1,000,000
    • Singer: 15,000 French
    • Eckhardt: 82,000 civ. + 18,000 mil. = 100,000
    • COWP: 18,000 French, 100,000 total
    • Harff & Gurr: 30,000 to 150,000 Harkis, OAS supporters were victims of retributive politicide, 1962
    • ANALYSIS
      • Among the three sources that go into detail (Horne, Clayton, Clodfelter), there's 2/3 agreement on some essentials:
        • Europeans: 17,456 mil. + 2,788 civ.
        • FLN: 141,000 KIA + 12,000 purged
        • Muslim civilians: ca. 4,000 k. in France
        • [TOTAL of these: 177,244]
      • There's no consensus on these categories:
        • Algerians generally: Does 300,000 include the FLN (Clodfelter) or not (Clayton)?
        • Post-war reprisals: 30,000 or 150,000?
        • Algerian civilian victims of FLN: 29,674 (Clodfelter) or 50,000 (Horne)
        • [TOTAL of these: 219,000 to 500,000. Splitting the difference yields ca. 360,000]
23. Sudan (1955-72): 500 000
    • Berkeley, The Graves Are Not Yet Full (2001): "half a million lives.... Hunger was the worst killer."
    • Kuper: 500,000 or more. He also mentions Hale's estimate of 500,000-1,000,000.
    • B&J: 700,000 (1963-72)
    • FAS 2000: 500,000 by the late 1960s
    • Dunnigan (1991): nearly 500,000
    • Eckhardt: 250,000 civ. + 250,000 mil. = 500,000
    • Singer: 250,000 (1963-72)
24. Guatemala (1960-1996): 200 000
    • 29 Dec. 1996 New York Times: 100,000 dead and 40,000 disappeared, presumed dead
    • War Annual 8: ditto
    • 5 Dec. 1996 Washington Post: ditto
    • CDI: 140,000 dead
    • Chomsky
      • (1991)
        • Total : 200,000
      • (1987)
        • Murders: 150,000
        • Killed, 1966-68: 10,000
        • Killed, 1980-85: 50,000
        • Total, 1954-83 (27 Nov. 1983 NYTimes citing Guatamalan Human Rights Comm.): 40,000 disapp. + 95,000 deaths.
    • Grenville: 35,000 disappearances
    • Harff & Gurr: 30,000 to 63,000 Indians, leftists were victims of repressive genocide, 1966-84
    • Dict.Wars: 150,000 dead + 50,000 missing
    • Commission for Historical Clarification [http://hrdata.aaas.org/ceh/report/english/conc1.html]
      • 42,275 Victims of human rights violations, including...
        • 23,671 arbitrary executions
        • 6,159 forced disappearances
      • Total number of persons killed or disappeared as a result of the conflict: over 200,000 (including the above)
    • 29 April 1999 AP: 200,000
25. Indonesia (1965-66): 400 000
    • Army massacre of Communists, sympathizers and anyone else they didn't like:
      • Paul Johnson acknowledges the possibility of 1,000,000, but leans toward 200-250,000
      • Harff & Gurr: 500,000 to 1,000,000 Communists, Chinese were victims of repressive/xenophobic genocide, 1965-66
      • Our Times: 300,000
      • Eckhardt: 500,000
      • D. Smith: 500,000
      • Robert Cribb: 200,000 to 500,000 (in Century of Genocide, Samuel Totten, ed., (1997))
      • Dict.Wars: 300,000
      • Chicago Tribune, May 23, 1990: 250,000
      • Clodfelter
        • "estimates vary from 150,000 to 500,000"
        • "more widely accepted": 200,000 to 250,000
        • Sukarno claimed 78,000
      • Rummel: 509,000
      • Hartman: 300,000 to 600,000
      • John Hughes, Indonesian Uprising (1967) cites these:
        • The official report issued by the Indonesian government: 78,000
        • Private admission by a member of the commission which wrote the report: 780,000
        • Adam Malik, Indonesian foreign minister: 160,000
        • New York Times: 150,000 to 400,000
        • Washington Post: 500,000
        • Life Magazine: 400,000
      • WHPSI: 575,000 deaths from pol.viol.,1965-1966.
      • Encarta: 300,000 to 1,000,000
      • The MEDIAN of these 19 estimates falls at 400,000
26. Uganda, Idi Amin's regime (1972-79): 300 000
    • 300,000 is the canonical death toll. Encarta gives it, as do Rummel, Chirot, Gilbert, Grenville, B&J, Eckhardt, Our Times and Time Magazine (13 April 1998)
    • As for the dissenters:
      • D. Smith: 100,000
      • Dictionary of 20C World History: 250,000
      • Harff & Gurr: 100,000-500,000 (two numbers which average out to 300,000, BTW)
      • Berkeley, The Graves Are Not Yet Full (2001): half a million
      • 28 July 1980 AP: 200,000
    • International War, 1979
      • Singer:
        • Tanzania: 1,000
        • Uganda: 1,500
        • Libya: 500
        • TOTAL: 3,000
      • Eckhardt: 3,000
      • Edgerton
        • Tanzanian civilians: 1,500
        • Libya: 600
      • B&J:
        • Tanzania: 1,000
        • Libya: 200
        • TOTAL: 3,500
      • WPA3: 4,000
27. Vietnam, post-war Communist regime (1975 et seq.): 430 000
    • Jacqueline Desbarats and Karl Jackson ("Vietnam 1975-1982: The Cruel Peace", in The Washington Quarterly, Fall 1985) estimated that there had been around 65,000 executions. This number is repeated in the Sept. 1985 Dept. of State Bulletin article on Vietnam.
    • Orange County Register (29 April 2001): 1 million sent to camps and 165,000 died.
    • Northwest Asian Weekly (5 July 1996): 150,000-175,000 camp prisoners unaccounted for.
    • Estimates for the number of Boat People who died:
      • Elizabeth Becker (When the War Was Over, 1986) cites the UN High Commissioner on Refugees: 250,000 boat people died at sea; 929,600 reached asylum
      • The 20 July 1986 San Diego Union-Tribune cites the UN Refugee Commission: 200,000 to 250,000 boat people had died at sea since 1975.
      • The 3 Aug. 1979 Washington Post cites the Australian immigration minister's estimate that 200,000 refugees had died at sea since 1975.
        • Also: "Some estimates have said that around half of those who set out do not survive."
      • The 1991 Information Please Almanac cites unspecified "US Officials" that 100,000 boat people died fleeing Vietnam.
      • Hanson, Victor Davis, Carnage and culture (2001): 50,000-100,000
      • Encarta estimates that 0.5M fled, and 10-15% died, for a death toll of 50-75,000.
      • Nayan Chanda, Brother Enemy (1986): ¼M Chinese refugees in two years, 30,000 to 40,000 of whom died at sea. (These numbers also repeated by Marilyn Young, The Vietnam Wars: 1945-1990 (1991))
    • Rummel
      • Vietnamese democide: 1,040,000 (1975-87)
        • Executions: 100,000
        • Camp Deaths: 95,000
        • Forced Labor: 48,000
        • Democides in Cambodia: 460,000
        • Democides in Laos: 87,000
        • Boat People: 500,000 deaths (50% not blamed on the Vietnamese govt.)
    • ANALYSIS: I'd say the most likely total would be 430,000. That's 65,000 executions + 165,000 camp deaths + 200,000 boat people. It's unlikely that VN alone caused 460+87T democides in Cambodia + Laos since estimates of the total deaths in these conflicts only run to a half million or so.
28. Angola (1975-2002): 550 000
    • Govt. vs. UNITA
      • PARTIALS:
        • Singer (through 1980 only):
          • Angola: 7,000
          • Cuba: 2,000
        • Dunnigan (1991): 60,000
        • War Annual 6 (1994): 350,000 (to 1991), incl....
          • 10,000 Cubans, 1976-88
      • 1994 Britannica Annual: 300,000
      • FAS 2000: 300,000 (1965-95)
      • BBC: 300,000 to 1991 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1063073.stm]
      • B&J (1997): 360,000, incl....
        • 2,000 Cubans
        • 1,000 South Africans
      • Ploughshares 2000
        • 300,000 since 1992
        • TOTAL: 500,000
      • 8 March 2002 Agence France Presse: 500,000+
      • [MEDIAN: ca. 550,000]
      • SIPRI 1994:
        • Military: 36,000 since 1975
        • Civilian: 86,000 since 1975
        • Citing the UN: 450-500T died between Oct.92-Dec.93, including starvation.
        • [TOTAL: ca. 597,000]
      • 23 May 1999 Denver Rocky Mtn News: 600,000
      • Washington Post (15 Dec 1998)
        • 150,000 to 300,000 killed, 1975-91
        • 500,000 more during renewed fighting, 1992-94
        • [TOTAL: 650,000 to 800,000]
      • CDI: 750,000 (1975-95)
      • Inge Tvedten, Angola: Struggle for Peace and Reconstruction
        • By 1992
          • Directly, in battle, incl. non-combatants: 100-350,000
          • Secondary effects: 500-600,000
        • 1992-94: 300,000
        • [TOTAL: 900,000-1,250,000]
29. East Timor, Conquest by Indonesia (1975-99): 200 000
    • Early:
      • Compton's: 100,000 killed in the first year
      • Encarta: 100,000 ditto
      • D.Smith: 100,000 ditto
      • 15 Sept. 1999 AP, for the first couple of years
        • 1977 Indonesia's foreign minister: 50-80,000
        • 1985 Amnesty International report: 200,000 (''pulled out of thin air,'' based on church census in 1974 and Indonesian census in the 1980s)
    • Total:
      • Eckhardt: 90,000 civ. + 10,000 mil. = 100,000 (1975-87)
      • Dunnigan: 90,000 to 200,000
      • Rummel: 150,000 (1975-87)
      • CDI: 150,000 (1975-97)
      • FAS 2000: as many as 60,000 in first assault; 100,000 to 250,000 as of 1979.
      • B&J:
        • 1975-76: 100,000
        • TOTAL: 200,000
      • [MEDIAN: 200,000]
      • War Annual 6: 100,000 killed in the first year, and another 100,000 over the next decade or so.
      • Ploughshares 2000: >200,000
      • Chomsky (1987): 200,000 to 300,000 by 1979
      • Dict.Wars: 250,000
      • Our Times: 300,000
    • Intensified violence, 1999
      • 15 Sept. 1999 AP: "estimates range upwards wildly from 600"
        • a Roman Catholic aid agency: 20,000
        • UN World Food Program: up to 7,000
30. Lebanon (1975-90): 150 000
    • Killed in the first couple of years: 40,000 (P.Johnson), 60,000 (1984 World Almanac; Hartman; Compton's), 60,099 (WHPSI 1975-77)
    • Total killed since the trouble began:
      • Eckhardt
        • 1975-76 Civil War: 75,000 civ. + 25,000 mil. = 100,000
        • 1982-87 Israeli vs PLO: 40,000 civ. + 12,000 mil. = 62,000
        • TOTAL: 162,000
      • WPA3: 150,000 (1975-91)
      • 14 Apr. 2000 LA Times: 150,000
      • 14 Dec. 1985 Montreal Gazette: 150,000 (to 1985)
      • 24 Dec. 1989 Arizona Republic: 150,000
      • [MEDIAN: ca. 150,000]
      • 9 March 1992 AP: > 144,000 k, citing official police statistics
        • Not incl. 6,630 "killed ... in related conflicts involving Palestinians", such as...
          • Power struggles between rival factions of Palestinians: 2,000 deaths
          • 3,781 killed in fighting between Shiite militia and PLO
          • 857 Pal. & Leb. k. by Christian militia in Sabra and Chatila refugee camps in 1982.
        • "17,415 people remain missing [and] are presumed dead" [I don't know if these were included or not.]
      • Dict.Wars: 144,000
      • SIPRI 1990: 131,000 (to 1989)
      • US State Dept.: >100,000 [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5419.htm]
      • War Annual 6: 100,000 (to 1983)
      • CDI: 60,000 (1975-97)
    • Shia Amal-PLO War (1985-87)
      • 22 Nov. 1986 LA Times: >1,000 k.
      • 11 Dec. 1986 NY Times: >1,500 k
      • 9 March 1992 AP: 3,781 k
    • Israeli Invasion
      • 3 Sept. 1982 Washington Post
        • Beirut newspaper An Nahar est. 17,825 k. during invasion
          • Outside Beirut
            • Military personnel: 9,797 (PLO, Syria, etc.)
            • Civilians: 2,513
          • Beirut area: 5,515 (mil. + civ.)
      • 14 October 1982 Christian Science Monitor
        • Beirut massacre: 2,000 k. acc2 Lebanese govt.
        • Throughout Lebanon
          • An Nahar: 48,028 casualties, incl. 17,825 k.
          • Palestine Red Crescent Society: 27,000 casualties (k+w)
      • 5 March 1991 AP
        • Israel: 657 k.
        • Syrians: 370
        • PLO: 1,000
        • Lebanese and Palestinians: 19,000+, mostly civilians
      • 14 Dec. 1985 Montreal Gazette: 650 Israelis k. (1981-84)
      • 24 Dec. 1989 Arizona Republic: 654 Israelis
      • Ploughshares 2000: 12,000 people, including 500 Israelis, killed during the 1978 and 1982 invasions of Lebanon
    • Outsiders:
      • 237 (Info. Please 1991), 239 (Gilbert) or 241 (Our Times) USAns, and 58 French (Our Times) killed in Oct. 1983 bombings.
      • 9 March 1992 AP
        • 241 USAns + 58 French (1983); plus 75 k at US Embassy (1983+84)
      • US State Dept.
        • April 1983, U.S. Embassy, W. Beirut: 63 k
        • October 1983, US & Fr HQ: 298 k
        • September 1984, US Embassy annex, E. Beirut: 9 k
      • A total of 273 military USAns killed, 1982-84 according to House Res. 45,108th Conngress, 1st Session
      • 1,000 Syrians KIA, 1976 (Singer)
31. Cambodian Civil War (1978-91): 225 000
    • Eckhardt
      • Vietnam vs Cambodia, 1978-87
        • 14,000 civ. + 10,000 mil. = 24,000
    • CDI: >25,000 (possibly just refers to the substantiated Vietnamese losses)
    • SIPRI 1996, (1979-89)
      • Vietnamese battle dead: 25,300
      • Cambodian battle dead: >50,000
    • Wallechinsky:
      • Cambodians: 200,000
      • Vietnamese: 25,300
    • Clodfelter, Michael, Vietnam in Military Statistics (1995)
      • Vietnamese: 25,300
      • Cambodians: 100,000 (1978-79) + 100,000 thereafter, not including deaths among refugees
    • B&J: 500,000, incl. 50,000 Vietnamese
    • Rummell: 1,160,000 deaths, 1979-87
      • War Dead: 60,000
      • Famine: 250,000 (non-democidal)
      • Democide: 850,000
        • by Samrin: 230,000
        • by Vietnam: 460,000
        • by Khmer Rouge: 150,000
        • by others: 10,000
32. Iraq, Saddam Hussein (1979-2003): 300 000
    • Human Rights Watch: "twenty-five years of Ba`th Party rule ... murdered or 'disappeared' some quarter of a million Iraqis" [http://www.hrw.org/wr2k4/3.htm]
    • 8/9 Dec. 2003 AP: Total murders
      • New survey estimates 61,000 residents of Baghdad executed by Saddam.
      • US Government estimates a total of 300,000 murders
        • 180,000 Kurds k. in Anfal
        • 60,000 Shiites in 1991
        • 50,000 misc. others executed
      • "Human rights officials" est.: 500,000
      • Iraqi politicians: over a million
    • [These don't include the million or so dead in the Iran-Iraq War.]
33. Uganda (1979-86): 300 000
    • Govt. (under Obote) vs. National Resistance Army
      • Encarta: 100,000
      • Eckhardt: 100,000 civ. + 2,000 mil. = 102,000
      • SIPRI 1988, (1981-87)
        • civilian: 100,000
        • military: 5,000 to 6,000
      • 24 Dec. 1989 Arizona Republic: 100-200,000
      • Chirot: 300,000
      • Edgerton: 300,000 k. in Buganda
      • War Annual 2: 300,000
      • D. Smith: 300,000
      • B&J: >500,000
      • Berkeley, The Graves Are Not Yet Full (2001): "Possibly a million Ugandans died in two decades [1970s and 1980s, under both Idi Amin and Milton Obote] of sheer terror."
34. Kurdistan (1980s, 1990s): 300 000
    • In Iraq:
      • 1987 War Annual: 300,000 (1983-87)
      • Washington Post, 6 June 93: 70-120,000 (1987-89)
      • David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds (1996): 150-200,000 (Anfal operations, 1988)
      • 23 May 1999 Denver Rocky Mtn News: 280,000 (1961-1999), incl. 180,000 between 1976 and 1988, and 10,000 in 1991.
      • HRW: Chemical attack on Halabja, 1988: 4,000 to 7000 civ. killed. 3,200 names collected. [http://hrw.org/reports/1993/iraqanfal/ANFAL3.htm]
      • Ploughshares 2000
        • Total 1961-2000: >100,000
        • Fighting among rival Kurds since 1994: 5,000 k
        • Anfal operations
          • US State Dept.: 70-150,000
          • Human Rights Watch: 50-100,000
      • B&J:
        • 1974-75: 3,000
        • 1976-95: 60,000
        • TOTAL: 63,000
      • 857 cartons of detailed files kept by the Iraqi secret police describing genocide against the Kurds emerged in 1991-92.
        • Time 1 June 1992: 200,000 to 300,000 killed (late 80s)
        • AP 7 Dec. 1991: 200,000 k (1986-1991)
        • Chicago Tribune 26 May 1992: 200,000 to 300,000 (1988-91)
    • In Iran:
      • Under Islamic Republic, 1979 to Feb. 1981: 10,000 (David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds (1996))
      • 1979-89: 17,000 (SIPRI 1990)
      • 23 May 1999 Denver Rocky Mtn News: 17,000, incl. 10,000 military (1979-99)
      • 1980-90: 50,000 (1990 War Annual 4)
    • In Turkey:
      • 4 April 95 Washington Post: 15,000 (1985-95)
      • B&J: 18,000 (1984-95)
      • Ploughshares 2000: 30-40,000
      • 29 April 1999 AP: 37,000 (1984-99)
      • 23 May 1999 Denver Rocky Mtn News: 40,000 (1984-99)
    • TOTAL:
      • Adding the numbers above puts the total in the 200 to 400 thousand range. OTOH, the CDI estimates a total of 120,000 deaths between 1961 and 1997 in Iran, Turkey and Iraq. (see also Iraq, 1961-70)
35. Liberia (1989-97): 150 000
    • Govt v National Patriotic Front:
      • Edgerton: 100,000
      • D. Smith: 150,000 "in 1990 alone"
      • CDI: 150,000 (1990-97)
      • B&J: 150,000 (1989-95)
      • Berkeley, The Graves Are Not Yet Full (2001): as many as 150,000 murdered
      • Chicago Tribune (17 Apr. 1996): 150,000
      • Boston Globe (29 March 2003): 200,000
      • Time (28 July 1997): as many as 200,000
      • War Annual 8 (1997): 200,000
      • 22 July 2003 The Times (London): 200,000
36. Iraq (1990-): 350 000
    • International Embargo
      • According to the 21 March 1998 Times Union (Albany), the UN Food and Agriculture Organization estimated that 1,000,000 Iraqis, incl. 560,000 children, died as a result of malnutrition and disease caused by the international embargo imposed following the invasion of Kuwait. The article mentions the use of these numbers by an official of the United Church of Christ, and also labels the figures "commonly used -- but also disputed".
      • 9 Oct. 2001 Slate "Explainer" acknowledges the possibility of 350,000-500,000 excess deaths among children since 1991, but points out that Saddam blames the UN and the US blames Saddam [http://slate.msn.com/code/explainer/explainer.asp?Show=10/9/2001&idMessage=8414 or http://www.casi.org.uk/discuss/2001/msg00902.html; it's a moving target.]
      • Ramsey Clark: 1,500,000 including 750,000 children [http://www.twf.org/News/Y1997/Ramsey.html]
      • UNICEF: 500,000 excess child deaths (under-five) 1991 to 1998 [http://www.unicef.org.uk/index_s.asp?sct=news&filen=../news/iraq1.htm]
      • 6 Aug. 1999 CNN [http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/meast/9908/06/iraq.sanctions/]
        • UN: 1M excess deaths
        • Al-Thawra newspaper: 1.5M
      • Project on Defense Alternatives, 20 Oct. 2003: "[T]he sanction regime probably cost the lives of 170,000 children. (Much higher estimates for 1992-1998 sanction deaths ... are based on faulty baseline statistics for prewar childhood mortality in Iraq)." [http://www.comw.org/pda/0310rm8.html#N_93_]
37. Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-95): 175 000
    • Total
      • U.S. State Dept.: 250,000 (Bosnia and Herzegovina Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1996 [http://www.state.gov/www/global/human_rights/1996_hrp_report/bosniahe.html])
      • 29 April 1999 AP: 250,000
      • Compton's Encyclopedia: 200,000
      • 6 April 2002 Times [London]: 200,000, incl...
        • D. in siege of Sarajevo: 15,000
        • Massacred in Srebrenica: 8,000
      • MEDIAN: ca. 175,000
      • International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights: more than 160,000 (Annual Report 1997 [http://www.ihf-hr.org/ar97bos.htm])
      • Dan Smith (The State of War and Peace Atlas 1997) uses the Bosnian War as the example of how difficult it is to estimate accurate death tolls, but in the end, he settles for 150,000.
      • B&J: >60,000
      • George Kenney, The Bosnia Calculation (NY Times Magazine, 23 April 1995): 25,000 to 60,000 ([http://suc.suc.org/politics/myth/articles/042395.George_Kenney.html])
    • Srebrenica
      • 6 July 2000 LA Times:
        • 4,700 bodies exhumed
        • Internat. Red Cross estimates total of 7,079 k.
        • Amal Masovic's B-H govt. commission: 8,400
38. Somalia (1991 et seq.): 400 000
    • Civil War
      • Encarta: 50,000 killed in fighting and 300,000 dead of starvation (in 23 months following Jan. 1991)
      • Washington Post: 350,000 (12 Feb. 1993)
      • CDI: 350,000 (1978-97)
      • Ploughshares 2000: 350,000
      • War Annual 8 (1997): 500,000
      • 14 Dec. 1998 Vancouver Sun: 400,000 deaths from war, famine and disease since 1991. 300,000 in 1991-92.
      • 23 May 1999 Denver Rocky Mtn News: 350,000 by end of 1992; 1M total to 1999
      • IRIN, a UN humanitarian information unit: 300,000 killed during 14 years of war [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2004/11/mil-041105-irin03.htm]
39. Zaire (Dem. Rep. Congo), Civil War (1997)
    • CDI: 250,000 (In the table, this is given as the number of deaths, but in the text, the number is described as an uninvestigated "disappearance".)
    • 20 Feb. 1998 Agence France Presse: 200,000 refugees "unaccounted for", according to UN.
    • 1 June 1997 NY Times: out of 1.4 M Rwandan refugees in Zaire ...
      • 700,000 fled east when the war began.
      • 400,000 fled west, of which ...
        • 125,000 eventually returned to Rwanda
        • 53,000 remained in Zaire
        • 222,000 disappeared.
    • Amnesty International, 23 Nov. 1998: "as many as" 200,000 Rwandese Hutu refugees massacred by AFDL and RPA. ([http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aipub/1998/AFR/16203698.htm])

List of Recurring Sources

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Last updated November 2005

Copyright © 1999-2005 Matthew White